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Linglib.Fragments.Finnish.PolarityItems

Finnish Polarity-Sensitive Items #

[Has97], [Kar18]

Finnish indefinite pronoun polarity items, typed by the categories from Semantics.Polarity.

Unlike Russian nikto, Italian nessuno, German niemand, or Hungarian senki — all single-word negative quantifiers ("n-words") that have their own sister-Fragment entries typed .npiWeak with .negation, .nobody licensing — Finnish realizes "nobody" compositionally. Kukaan is the polarity-sensitive indefinite (in [Has97]'s terms, the -kAArI-series); ei is a fully-conjugated negative auxiliary verb (en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) that takes the connegative form of the lexical verb ([Kar18] §19.5). The direct-negation reading 'nobody came' is ei kukaan tullut, a syntactic combination, not a single lexical entry.

source
def Finnish.PolarityItems.kukaan :
Semantics.Polarity.PolarityItemEntry

kukaan — Polarity-sensitive indefinite. Decomposes morphologically as kuka 'who' + -kAAn concessive clitic ([Kar18] §25.6 on the -kin / -kAAn clitic pair); the -kAAn-series is [Has97]'s A.27.1 Finnish series (i), parallel to Hindi koii bhii and Korean wh+-do / wh+-na — hence morphology := .indefPlusEven. In direct negation, co-occurs with the appropriate person/number form of the negation verb ei: 'ei kukaan tullut' (nobody came).

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    def Finnish.PolarityItems.kukaTahansa :
    Semantics.Polarity.PolarityItemEntry

    kuka tahansa — Free choice item. 'Whoever / anyone at all'. One cell of a productive X tahansa paradigm over wh-words (also mikä tahansa 'whatever', milloin tahansa 'whenever', missä tahansa 'wherever'), with a literary X hyvänsä alternant. [Has97] A.27 lists this as the -hyvänsä-series, used mainly in the free-choice function and predicted by his implicational map to extend to comparative. Not covered in [Kar18].

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      def Finnish.PolarityItems.items :
      List Semantics.Polarity.PolarityItemEntry

      All Finnish polarity-sensitive entries declared in this Fragment.

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        theorem Finnish.PolarityItems.kukaan_kukaTahansa_distinct :
        kukaan.polarityType ≠ kukaTahansa.polarityType