Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Finnish.PolarityItems

Finnish Polarity-Sensitive Items #

@cite{haspelmath-1997}, @cite{karlsson-2017}

Finnish indefinite pronoun polarity items, typed by the categories from Typology.PolarityItem.

Unlike Russian nikto, Italian nessuno, German niemand, or Hungarian senki — all single-word negative quantifiers ("n-words") that have their own sister-Fragment entries typed .npiWeak with .negation, .nobody licensing — Finnish realizes "nobody" compositionally. Kukaan is the polarity-sensitive indefinite (in @cite{haspelmath-1997}'s terms, the -kAArI-series); ei is a fully-conjugated negative auxiliary verb (en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) that takes the connegative form of the lexical verb (@cite{karlsson-2017} §19.5). The direct-negation reading 'nobody came' is ei kukaan tullut, a syntactic combination, not a single lexical entry.

source
def Fragments.Finnish.PolarityItems.kukaan :
Typology.PolarityItem.PolarityItemEntry

kukaan — Polarity-sensitive indefinite. Decomposes morphologically as kuka 'who' + -kAAn concessive clitic (@cite{karlsson-2017} §25.6 on the -kin / -kAAn clitic pair); the -kAAn-series is @cite{haspelmath-1997}'s A.27.1 Finnish series (i), parallel to Hindi koii bhii and Korean wh+-do / wh+-na — hence morphology := .indefPlusEven. In direct negation, co-occurs with the appropriate person/number form of the negation verb ei: 'ei kukaan tullut' (nobody came).

Equations
  • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
    source
    def Fragments.Finnish.PolarityItems.kukaTahansa :
    Typology.PolarityItem.PolarityItemEntry

    kuka tahansa — Free choice item. 'Whoever / anyone at all'. One cell of a productive X tahansa paradigm over wh-words (also mikä tahansa 'whatever', milloin tahansa 'whenever', missä tahansa 'wherever'), with a literary X hyvänsä alternant. @cite{haspelmath-1997} A.27 lists this as the -hyvänsä-series, used mainly in the free-choice function and predicted by his implicational map to extend to comparative. Not covered in @cite{karlsson-2017}.

    Equations
    • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
    Instances For
      source
      def Fragments.Finnish.PolarityItems.items :
      List Typology.PolarityItem.PolarityItemEntry

      All Finnish polarity-sensitive entries declared in this Fragment.

      Equations
      Instances For
        source
        theorem Fragments.Finnish.PolarityItems.kukaan_kukaTahansa_distinct :
        kukaan.polarityType ≠ kukaTahansa.polarityType