English Tense Fragment ([Cum26] + [Lak70])

[Cum26] [Lak70] [Kra98a]

Paradigm entries for English tense forms from [Cum26], Tables 20 and 22. Each entry specifies evidential perspective (EP) and utterance perspective (UP) constraints via EPCondition and UPCondition enums.

Cumming Entries

Form	EP constraint	UP constraint	Nonfuture?
simple past	T ≤ A	T < S	yes
present prog	T ≤ A	T = S	yes
future (will)	(none)	S < T	no
will have V-ed	A < T	S < T	no
will now be V-ing	A < T	T = S	no
will (bare)	(none)	S < T	no

def English.Tense.simplePast : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English simple past: T ≤ A (downstream), T < S (past).

Equations

• English.Tense.simplePast = { label := "simple past", ep := Tense.Evidential.EPCondition.downstream, up := Tense.Evidential.UPCondition.past }

def English.Tense.presentProg : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English present progressive: T ≤ A (downstream), T = S (present).

Equations

• English.Tense.presentProg = { label := "present progressive", ep := Tense.Evidential.EPCondition.downstream, up := Tense.Evidential.UPCondition.present }

def English.Tense.future : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English future (will): no EP constraint, S < T (future).

Equations

• English.Tense.future = { label := "future (will)", ep := Tense.Evidential.EPCondition.unconstrained, up := Tense.Evidential.UPCondition.future }

def English.Tense.willHave : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English "will have V-ed": A < T (prospective), S < T (future).

Equations

• English.Tense.willHave = { label := "will have V-ed", ep := Tense.Evidential.EPCondition.prospective, up := Tense.Evidential.UPCondition.future }

def English.Tense.willNow : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English "will now be V-ing": A < T (prospective), T = S (present).

Equations

• English.Tense.willNow = { label := "will now be V-ing", ep := Tense.Evidential.EPCondition.prospective, up := Tense.Evidential.UPCondition.present }

def English.Tense.willBare : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English bare "will": no EP constraint, S < T (future).

Equations

• English.Tense.willBare = { label := "will (bare)", ep := Tense.Evidential.EPCondition.unconstrained, up := Tense.Evidential.UPCondition.future }

def English.Tense.allEntries : List Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

All English tense paradigm entries.

Equations

• English.Tense.allEntries = [English.Tense.simplePast, English.Tense.presentProg, English.Tense.future, English.Tense.willHave, English.Tense.willNow, English.Tense.willBare]

def English.Tense.nonfutureEntries : List Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry

English nonfuture entries.

Equations

• English.Tense.nonfutureEntries = List.filter (fun (x : Tense.Evidential.TAMEEntry) => decide x.IsNonfuture) English.Tense.allEntries

def English.Tense.simplePastSurface : Tense.Decomposition.SurfaceTense

English simple past: surface-tense decomposition. Surface "V-ed" = PRESENT tense + PERFECT aspect. The tense head is present (indexical), so the form can be used deictically ("out of the blue").

Equations

• English.Tense.simplePastSurface = { tensePronoun := Tense.Decomposition.indexicalPresent, hasPerfect := true }

def English.Tense.presentPerfectSurface : Tense.Decomposition.SurfaceTense

English present perfect: no decomposition mismatch. Surface "have V-ed" = PRESENT tense + PERFECT aspect. Identical underlying structure to simple past — the difference is that the present perfect is morphologically transparent.

Equations

• English.Tense.presentPerfectSurface = { tensePronoun := Tense.Decomposition.indexicalPresent, hasPerfect := true }

theorem English.Tense.simplePastSurface_deictic : simplePastSurface.canBeDeictic

English simple past can be deictic (from decomposition).

theorem English.Tense.simplePastSurface_underlyingPresent : simplePastSurface.tensePronoun.constraint = Tense.present

The underlying tense head is PRESENT, not PAST. Pastness comes from the PERF aspect head, not the tense.

theorem English.Tense.simplePast_presentPerfect_same_decomposition : simplePastSurface.tensePronoun = presentPerfectSurface.tensePronoun ∧ simplePastSurface.hasPerfect = presentPerfectSurface.hasPerfect

Simple past and present perfect share the same underlying decomposition: both are PRESENT + PERFECT. The difference is that simple past fuses the two morphemes while present perfect makes the PERF transparent via auxiliary "have".