Adjectival Predicate Lexicon Fragment #
Gradable adjective entries following [Ken07], typed with
Semantics.Gradability.GradableAdjective (the syntactic Syntax/Adjective lexeme
refined with the degree-semantic layer). Each entry stores its surface form, scalar
dimension, lexicalized pole (isLowerEndpoint) or standardOverride, and antonym
data; the scale shape (scaleType), positive standard, and Kennedy adjectiveClass
are derived views, not stored — the fix for the old scaleType field that conflated
scale shape with pole (wet/dry share one closed .wetness scale). The derived
Kennedy classification is exercised at the end of this file.
[Ken07] An adjectival predicate entry.
This is an alias for GradableAdjective from the Theory module, re-exported
here for the Fragments organization.
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"tall" — open scale, contrary to "short"
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"short" — open scale, contrary to "tall"
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"happy" — open scale, contrary to "unhappy"
Note: This is the 1-place adjectival predicate "x is happy".
For the 2-place attitude predicate "x is happy that p", see
Semantics/Attitudes/Preferential.lean.
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"unhappy" — open scale, contrary to "happy"
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"sad" — open scale, contrary to "happy" (near-synonym of unhappy)
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"full" — closed scale, contradictory to "empty"
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"empty" — closed fullness scale, lower pole ⇒ minimum standard, contradictory to "full".
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"hot" — open scale, contrary to "cold"
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"cold" — open scale, contrary to "hot"
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"expensive" — open scale, contrary to "cheap"
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"cheap" — open scale, contrary to "expensive"
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"wet" — closed wetness scale, lower pole ⇒ minimum standard (true with any
non-zero wetness). Shares the closed .wetness scale with "dry"; the two
differ only in pole.
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"dry" — closed wetness scale, upper pole ⇒ maximum standard (true only at complete dryness).
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"clean" — closed scale (maximally clean), contradictory to "dirty"
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"dirty" — closed scale (maximally dirty), contradictory to "clean"
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"straight" — closed scale (maximally straight), contradictory to "bent"
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"flat" — closed scale (maximally flat), contradictory to "bumpy"
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"open" — closed scale (maximally open), contradictory to "closed"
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"closed" — closed scale, contradictory to "open"
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"shut" — closed scale, contradictory to "open" (near-synonym of "closed")
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"free" — closed scale (maximally free = unattached), contradictory to "stuck"
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"loose" — closed scale (maximally loose), contradictory to "tight"
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"tight" — closed scale (maximally tight), contradictory to "loose"
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"bent" — closed straightness scale, lower pole ⇒ minimum standard (true with
any non-zero bend). Shares the closed .straightness scale with "straight".
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"smooth" — closed scale, contradictory to "rough"
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"rough" — closed scale, contradictory to "smooth"
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"hard" — open scale, contrary to "soft"
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"soft" — open scale, contrary to "hard"
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"pure" — closed scale (maximally pure), contradictory to "impure"
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"dead" — closed scale (absolute: maximal endpoint), contradictory to "alive"
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"alive" — closed scale (absolute), contradictory to "dead"
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"large" — open scale, contrary to "small"
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"small" — open scale, contrary to "large"
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"gigantic" — open scale, contrary to "tiny", informationally stronger than "large"
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"tiny" — open scale, contrary to "gigantic", informationally stronger than "small"
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"pristine" — closed scale, contrary to "filthy" (extreme absolute: gap exists)
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"filthy" — closed scale, contrary to "pristine" (extreme absolute: gap exists)
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"long" — open scale, contrary to "short" (length dimension)
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"wide" — open scale, contrary to "narrow"
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"cool" — open scale, contrary to "warm"
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"warm" — open scale, contrary to "cool"
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Physical dimension adjectives #
"heavy" — open scale, contrary to "light"
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"light" — open scale, contrary to "heavy"
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"thick" — open scale, contrary to "thin"
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"thin" — open scale, contrary to "thick"
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"deep" — open scale, contrary to "shallow"
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"shallow" — open scale, contrary to "deep"
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"strong" — open scale, contrary to "weak"
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"weak" — open scale, contrary to "strong"
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"fast" — open scale, contrary to "slow"
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"slow" — open scale, contrary to "fast"
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"old" — open scale, contrary to "young"
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.old = { form := "old", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.age, antonymForm := some "young", antonymRelation := some Features.NegationType.contrary }
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"young" — open scale, contrary to "old"
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Sensory adjectives #
"bright" — open scale, contrary to "dark"
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"dark" — open scale, contrary to "bright"
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"loud" — open scale, contrary to "quiet"
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"quiet" — open scale, contrary to "loud"
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Evaluative adjectives #
"good" — open value scale, contrary to "bad". "good" takes a contextual
standard and patterns with relative adjectives ([Bel25] §3); on the
open .value scale this class is derived (open ⇒ contextual) rather than
stipulated, so no standardOverride is needed.
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"bad" — value scale, contrary to "good"
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"beautiful" — open scale, contrary to "ugly"
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"ugly" — open scale, contrary to "beautiful"
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"important" — open scale
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.important = { form := "important", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.importance }
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"safe" — open scale, contrary to "dangerous"
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"dangerous" — open scale, contrary to "safe"
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Physical disturbance deverbal adjectives #
[Tha25]: physical disturbance predicates are associated with a totally closed, multi-point scale. Lower bound = physical instantiation of disturbance; upper bound = spatial extent of host entity. Gradable (more cracked, badly dented), compatible with completely and partially. Contra [RH14] (two-point) and [RW04b] (lower-bounded only).
"cracked" — closed scale, contradictory to "uncracked". Deverbal adjective from crack (Levin 45.1 Break verbs). NOT a two-point scale: accepts more cracked, completely cracked, partially cracked, badly cracked ([Tha25] §2.3–2.4).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.cracked = { form := "cracked", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.cracking }
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"dented" — closed scale. Deverbal adjective from dent. Accepts more dented, completely dented, badly dented ([Tha25] (11a), (20b)).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.dented = { form := "dented", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.denting }
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"scratched" — closed scale. Deverbal adjective from scratch. Accepts more scratched, completely scratched, badly scratched ([Tha25] (11b), (20c)).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.scratched = { form := "scratched", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.scratching }
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"shattered" — closed scale, NON-GRADABLE. Deverbal adjective from shatter (Levin 45.1 Break verbs). Contrast: ??more shattered, punctual verb, no durative reading. Not a physical disturbance predicate ([Tha25] (12c)).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.shattered = { form := "shattered", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.shattering }
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Mildly positive adjectives (MPAs) #
[Bel25]: MPAs encode a necessity standard — the minimum value required for pursuit. They share properties with both relative (context-sensitive, gradable) and absolute (no zone of indifference, crisp judgments, barely compatible) predicates.
"nice" — open scale, positive evaluative ([Nou24]). Base for M-degree intensifier nicely.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.nice = { form := "nice", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.value, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.positive }
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"pleasant" — open scale, positive evaluative ([Nou24]). Base for M-degree intensifier pleasantly.
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"decent" — a mildly-positive adjective: open .value scale with a functional
(necessity) standard ([Bel25]), recorded via standardOverride.
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"acceptable" — mildly-positive adjective; open .value scale, functional
standard ([Bel25]). Deverbal -able form: the modal suffix
contributes the functional standard.
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"adequate" — mildly-positive adjective; open .value scale, functional
(necessity) standard ([Bel25]).
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Deadjectival intensifier bases ([Nou24]) #
Adjectival bases for deadjectival intensifiers. Evaluative adjectives (horrible, wonderful) derive H-degree or M-degree intensifiers via the Goldilocks effect. Mirative (unusual, surprising) and modal (possible, impossible) bases follow Zwicky's generalization.
"horrible" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree horribly.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.horrible = { form := "horrible", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"terrible" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree terribly.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.terrible = { form := "terrible", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"awful" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree awfully.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.awful = { form := "awful", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"dreadful" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree dreadfully.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.dreadful = { form := "dreadful", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"frightening" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree frighteningly.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.frightening = { form := "frightening", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.danger, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"disgusting" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree disgustingly.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.disgusting = { form := "disgusting", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"annoying" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree annoyingly.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.annoying = { form := "annoying", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"unpleasant" — open scale, negative evaluative, contrary to "pleasant".
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"scary" — open scale, negative evaluative. Base for H-degree scarily.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.scary = { form := "scary", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.danger, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.negative }
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"wonderful" — open scale, positive evaluative. Base for M-degree wonderfully.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.wonderful = { form := "wonderful", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.positive }
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"delightful" — open scale, positive evaluative. Base for M-degree delightfully.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.delightful = { form := "delightful", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.positive }
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"gorgeous" — open scale, positive evaluative. Base for M-degree gorgeously.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.gorgeous = { form := "gorgeous", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.beauty, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.positive }
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"unusual" — open scale, neutral (mirative), contrary to "usual".
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"surprising" — open scale, neutral (mirative). Base for H-degree surprisingly.
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.surprising = { form := "surprising", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.expectation, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.neutral }
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"remarkable" — open scale, positive evaluative (§2.4.1). Extreme positive evaluation: H-degree remarkably despite positive valence (Goldilocks exception).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.remarkable = { form := "remarkable", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.positive }
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"stunning" — open scale, positive evaluative (Figure 2, upper-right quadrant). Extreme positive evaluation: H-degree stunningly (Goldilocks exception).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.stunning = { form := "stunning", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.quality, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.positive }
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"usual" — open scale, neutral (modal), contrary to "unusual".
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"expected" — open scale, neutral (modal). Unattested as intensifier (*expectedly).
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.expected = { form := "expected", dimension := some Semantics.Gradability.Dimension.expectation, evaluativeValence := some Features.EvaluativeValence.neutral }
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"possible" — open scale, neutral (modal), contradictory to "impossible".
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"impossible" — open scale, neutral (modal), contradictory to "possible".
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All adjectival predicate entries
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Look up an entry by form
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- English.Predicates.Adjectival.lookup form = List.find? (fun (x : English.Predicates.Adjectival.AdjectivalPredicateEntry) => x.form == form) English.Predicates.Adjectival.allEntries
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Derived Kennedy classification #
The scale shape, positive standard, and Kennedy class are GradableAdjective
views derived from each entry's dimension + pole/override — nothing here is a
stored field ([Ken07], [KMcN05]). Everything closes by
rfl/decide, so the migration off the old stored scaleType is checked.
Every entry above carries a scalar dimension, so all are gradable.