English phonemes

This file lists the English phonemes that Hayes's textbook examples use and gives each its segment, together with two of the book's English rules as local rewrite rules. The feature values of a phoneme are not listed here. Each phoneme names its glyph in the PHOIBLE chart, and its segment is the segment of that chart entry, so the values are PHOIBLE's.

Main definitions

• English.Phonology.p, English.Phonology.esh and the like: the phonemes, as segments of their chart entries.
• English.Phonology.inventory: the set of them.
• English.Phonology.preglottalization, English.Phonology.postnasalDeletion: two rules of Hayes's.

Main results

• English.Phonology.naturalClass_nasal, English.Phonology.isNaturalClass_voicelessStops: Hayes's examples of natural classes, the nasals and /p t k/.
• English.Phonology.isNaturalClass_sonorantConsonants, English.Phonology.not_isNaturalClass_stops_liquids: the sonorant consonants, contiguous in sonority, are a natural class, and the stops with the liquids are not.

Implementation notes

The transcription is Hayes's, with plain /p t k/. PHOIBLE's English inventories write the voiceless stops aspirated, so no inventory contains these glyphs, and membership in one is not stated. English /ɹ/ is the chart's ɹ, which is [−consonantal] and so a glide in sonority.

References

• [Hay09]
• [MMcC19]

Phonemes

def English.Phonology.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def English.Phonology.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def English.Phonology.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def English.Phonology.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def English.Phonology.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar stop /d/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def English.Phonology.g : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /g/, the IPA glyph ɡ in the chart.

Equations

• English.Phonology.g = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def English.Phonology.dezh : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar affricate /dʒ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.dezh = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̠ʒ»

def English.Phonology.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def English.Phonology.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def English.Phonology.ŋ : Phonology.Segment

The velar nasal /ŋ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.ŋ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ŋ

def English.Phonology.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def English.Phonology.v : Phonology.Segment

The voiced labiodental fricative /v/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.v = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.v

def English.Phonology.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def English.Phonology.θ : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless dental fricative /θ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.θ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.θ

def English.Phonology.esh : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.esh = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʃ»

def English.Phonology.l : Phonology.Segment

The lateral /l/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def English.Phonology.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def English.Phonology.turnedR : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar approximant /ɹ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.turnedR = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɹ»

def English.Phonology.æ : Phonology.Segment

The low front vowel /æ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.æ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.æ

def English.Phonology.smallCapitalI : Phonology.Segment

The lax high front vowel /ɪ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.smallCapitalI = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɪ»

def English.Phonology.i : Phonology.Segment

The high front vowel /i/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def English.Phonology.wedge : Phonology.Segment

The mid back unrounded vowel /ʌ/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.wedge = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʌ»

def English.Phonology.o : Phonology.Segment

The mid back rounded vowel /o/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def English.Phonology.schwa : Phonology.Segment

The mid central vowel /ə/.

Equations

• English.Phonology.schwa = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ə»

def English.Phonology.inventory : Finset Phonology.Segment

The English phonemes of the examples, pairwise distinct.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Natural classes

theorem English.Phonology.naturalClass_nasal : (Phonology.Segment.ofSpecs [(Phonology.Feature.nasal, true)]).naturalClass inventory = {m, n, ŋ}

The nasals are the complete set of [+nasal] sounds.

theorem English.Phonology.isNaturalClass_voicelessStops : Phonology.IsNaturalClass inventory {p, t, k}

The voiceless stops /p t k/ are a natural class.

theorem English.Phonology.isNaturalClass_sonorantConsonants : Phonology.IsNaturalClass inventory {w, l, turnedR, m, n, ŋ}

The glides, liquids and nasals, contiguous on the sonority hierarchy, are a natural class.

theorem English.Phonology.not_isNaturalClass_stops_liquids : ¬Phonology.IsNaturalClass inventory {p, t, k, b, d, g, l, turnedR}

The stops and the liquids, which are not contiguous on the sonority hierarchy, are not a natural class.

Rules

def English.Phonology.preglottalization : Subregular.LocalRewrite.Rule

Preglottalization glottalizes a voiceless stop word-finally, [−cont, −voice] → [+c.g.] / __ ]word.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def English.Phonology.postnasalDeletion : Subregular.LocalRewrite.Rule

Postnasal /t/ deletion removes a voiceless coronal stop between a nasal and a vowel, [−cont, +cor, +ant, −voice] → ∅ / [+nasal] __ [+syll].

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.