Dutch Adjective Lexicon Fragment

[McNdS11] [BK11]

Dutch adjective entries with morphological alternation: each adjective typically has three lexical forms — uninflected (rood), inflected with -e (rode), and derived nominalisation in -heid (roodheid). A small class of adjectives (forms ending in /ə/, -a, or -en) does not participate in the alternation; this is recorded as inflectionAlternation = false.

The schema records consensus Dutch grammatical metadata — distinctions that any theory of Dutch adjective semantics could consume. Theory- and paper-specific apparatus (the Pasp relational denotation, trope vs kind classification, Chierchia ∩ in het-as-nominaliser) lives in the relevant study files (currently Studies/McNallyDeSwart2011.lean).

Inflection alternation

The Dutch adjective takes the suffix -e in:

• definite DPs containing neuter nouns (het groene boek),
• both definite and indefinite DPs containing non-neuter nouns (een/de groene tafel),
• plural DPs.

It appears in its uninflected form only with indefinite singular neuter nouns (een groen boek). Adjectives ending in /ə/ (roze, mauve), -a (lila), or -en (gouden) do not show the alternation.

-heid derivation

The suffix -heid derives a non-neuter noun from an adjective base: rood → roodheid, bitter → bitterheid, dicht → dichtheid. Not all adjectives admit -heid derivation; concrete adjectives (dicht 'closed') admit it less productively than abstract ones.

inductive Dutch.Adjectives.Domain : Type

Semantic domain of a Dutch adjective entry. The distinction between abstract and concrete domains tracks the differential availability of the inflected nominalisation construction discussed in [McNdS11] §1: abstract adjectives (vreemd, gezond, leuk) admit it freely, concrete adjectives (dicht) rarely or not at all.

• color : Domain

  Color terms (rood, wit, groen, ...).

• taste : Domain

  Taste terms (bitter, zoet, zuur, zout).

• abstract : Domain

  Abstract evaluative/quality adjectives (vreemd, gezond, leuk).

• concrete : Domain

  Concrete physical-property adjectives (dicht, zwaar).

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Dutch.Adjectives.instDecidableEqDomain : DecidableEq Domain

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instDecidableEqDomain x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Dutch.Adjectives.instReprDomain : Repr Domain

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instReprDomain = { reprPrec := Dutch.Adjectives.instReprDomain.repr }

def Dutch.Adjectives.instReprDomain.repr : Domain → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqDomain.beq : Domain → Domain → Bool

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqDomain.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqDomain : BEq Domain

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqDomain = { beq := Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqDomain.beq }

structure Dutch.Adjectives.AdjEntry : Type

A lexical entry for a Dutch adjective.

Records the three morphological forms and the semantic domain. The inflectionAlternation flag distinguishes the productive alternation pattern (most adjectives) from the small exceptional class that does not show the alternation (forms in /ə/, -a, -en per [McNdS11] §1).

• form : String

  Uninflected form (lemma; also predicative + indef-neuter use).

• formInfl : Option String

  Inflected form with -e suffix; none for the exceptional class.

• nominalHeid : Option String

  Derived nominalisation in -heid; none if no -heid form attested.

• domain : Domain

  Semantic domain.

• inflectionAlternation : Bool

  Whether the adjective shows the +e vs uninflected alternation.

def Dutch.Adjectives.instDecidableEqAdjEntry.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : AdjEntry) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Dutch.Adjectives.instDecidableEqAdjEntry : DecidableEq AdjEntry

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instDecidableEqAdjEntry = Dutch.Adjectives.instDecidableEqAdjEntry.decEq

def Dutch.Adjectives.instReprAdjEntry.repr : AdjEntry → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Dutch.Adjectives.instReprAdjEntry : Repr AdjEntry

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instReprAdjEntry = { reprPrec := Dutch.Adjectives.instReprAdjEntry.repr }

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqAdjEntry : BEq AdjEntry

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqAdjEntry = { beq := Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqAdjEntry.beq }

def Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqAdjEntry.beq : AdjEntry → AdjEntry → Bool

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Dutch.Adjectives.instBEqAdjEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

Color terms

Examples drawn from [McNdS11] (3), (6), (7) and standard Dutch dictionaries.

def Dutch.Adjectives.rood : AdjEntry

rood 'red' (paper §1, §3.1; ex (3)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.rood = { form := "rood", formInfl := some "rode", nominalHeid := some "roodheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color }

def Dutch.Adjectives.wit : AdjEntry

wit 'white' (paper §3.1; ex (3b)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.wit = { form := "wit", formInfl := some "witte", nominalHeid := some "witheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color }

def Dutch.Adjectives.groen : AdjEntry

groen 'green' (paper §1; ex (1), (2), (3b)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.groen = { form := "groen", formInfl := some "groene", nominalHeid := some "groenheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color }

def Dutch.Adjectives.geel : AdjEntry

geel 'yellow' (paper §2.1; ex (6a), (7a)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.geel = { form := "geel", formInfl := some "gele", nominalHeid := some "geelheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color }

def Dutch.Adjectives.blauw : AdjEntry

blauw 'blue'.

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.blauw = { form := "blauw", formInfl := some "blauwe", nominalHeid := some "blauwheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color }

def Dutch.Adjectives.zwart : AdjEntry

zwart 'black' (paper §1; cf. Spanish negros in (5b)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.zwart = { form := "zwart", formInfl := some "zwarte", nominalHeid := some "zwartheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color }

Color exceptions to the inflection alternation

Per [McNdS11] §1: forms ending in /ə/ (roze, mauve), -a (lila), or -en (gouden) do not show the +e alternation.

def Dutch.Adjectives.roze : AdjEntry

roze 'pink' — exception to inflection alternation (final schwa).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.roze = { form := "roze", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color, inflectionAlternation := false }

def Dutch.Adjectives.mauve : AdjEntry

mauve 'mauve' — exception to inflection alternation (final schwa).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.mauve = { form := "mauve", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color, inflectionAlternation := false }

def Dutch.Adjectives.lila : AdjEntry

lila 'lilac' — exception to inflection alternation (-a-final).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.lila = { form := "lila", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color, inflectionAlternation := false }

def Dutch.Adjectives.gouden : AdjEntry

gouden 'golden' — exception to inflection alternation (-en-final).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.gouden = { form := "gouden", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.color, inflectionAlternation := false }

Taste terms

Examples from [McNdS11] (4), (7c).

def Dutch.Adjectives.bitter : AdjEntry

bitter 'bitter' (paper §1, §3.1; ex (4)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.bitter = { form := "bitter", formInfl := some "bittere", nominalHeid := some "bitterheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.taste }

def Dutch.Adjectives.zoet : AdjEntry

zoet 'sweet' (paper §3.1; ex (4b)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.zoet = { form := "zoet", formInfl := some "zoete", nominalHeid := some "zoetheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.taste }

def Dutch.Adjectives.zuur : AdjEntry

zuur 'sour' (paper §3.1; ex (4a) for the lemma, (13c) for the inflected zure).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.zuur = { form := "zuur", formInfl := some "zure", nominalHeid := some "zuurheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.taste }

def Dutch.Adjectives.zout : AdjEntry

zout 'salty/salt' (paper §3.1; ex (4a)).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.zout = { form := "zout", formInfl := some "zoute", nominalHeid := some "zoutheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.taste }

Abstract and concrete contrasts

[McNdS11] §1 notes the inflected-nominalised use is frequent with abstract adjectives but rare with concrete ones.

def Dutch.Adjectives.vreemd : AdjEntry

vreemd 'strange' — abstract; freely takes inflected nominalisation.

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.vreemd = { form := "vreemd", formInfl := some "vreemde", nominalHeid := some "vreemdheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.abstract }

def Dutch.Adjectives.gezond : AdjEntry

gezond 'healthy' — abstract; cited in (§3.4) for het gezonde van X.

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.gezond = { form := "gezond", formInfl := some "gezonde", nominalHeid := some "gezondheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.abstract }

def Dutch.Adjectives.leuk : AdjEntry

leuk 'nice/fun' — abstract (§3.4).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.leuk = { form := "leuk", formInfl := some "leuke", nominalHeid := some "leukheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.abstract }

def Dutch.Adjectives.bijzonder : AdjEntry

bijzonder 'special' — abstract (§3.4).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.bijzonder = { form := "bijzonder", formInfl := some "bijzondere", nominalHeid := some "bijzonderheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.abstract }

def Dutch.Adjectives.dicht : AdjEntry

dicht 'closed' — concrete; nominalised inflected use marginal/odd (paper §1: ?*het dichte van deze doos).

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.dicht = { form := "dicht", formInfl := some "dichte", nominalHeid := some "dichtheid", domain := Dutch.Adjectives.Domain.concrete }

Bundles

def Dutch.Adjectives.colorAdjectives : List AdjEntry

All Dutch color adjectives in this fragment, including exceptions.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dutch.Adjectives.colorAdjectivesAlternating : List AdjEntry

Color adjectives that participate in the +e alternation.

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.colorAdjectivesAlternating = [Dutch.Adjectives.rood, Dutch.Adjectives.wit, Dutch.Adjectives.groen, Dutch.Adjectives.geel, Dutch.Adjectives.blauw, Dutch.Adjectives.zwart]

def Dutch.Adjectives.tasteAdjectives : List AdjEntry

All Dutch taste adjectives in this fragment.

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.tasteAdjectives = [Dutch.Adjectives.bitter, Dutch.Adjectives.zoet, Dutch.Adjectives.zuur, Dutch.Adjectives.zout]

def Dutch.Adjectives.abstractAdjectives : List AdjEntry

Abstract adjectives illustrated in [McNdS11].

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.abstractAdjectives = [Dutch.Adjectives.vreemd, Dutch.Adjectives.gezond, Dutch.Adjectives.leuk, Dutch.Adjectives.bijzonder]

def Dutch.Adjectives.all : List AdjEntry

All Dutch adjectives in this fragment.

Equations

• Dutch.Adjectives.all = Dutch.Adjectives.colorAdjectives ++ Dutch.Adjectives.tasteAdjectives ++ Dutch.Adjectives.abstractAdjectives ++ [Dutch.Adjectives.dicht]