Drubea segments

The consonants and vowels of Drubea (Glottocode dumb1241), the southernmost language of Grande Terre, New Caledonia, as [Lio25] tabulates them after [Riv73] and [SP90]. The plosives contrast a voiceless and a prenasalised voiced series, the latter transcribed as plain voiced stops in the New Caledonian convention the source follows; labials and velars have labialised partners. The vowels are eight oral and five nasal qualities, short and long; in the moraic model a long vowel is not a further segment but two morae on one melody, so the qualities are the segments and length is the weight of the syllable, Prosody.Syllable.ofVowel against Prosody.Syllable.ofLongVowel. The lax front vowel /ɪ/ occurs long only. Syllables are open, (C)V(V). Register is in Fragments/Drubea/Prosody.

The feature values come from the PHOIBLE chart. The chart holds no prenasalised or labialised segments, whose contours a two-valued matrix cannot express: a prenasalised stop takes the plain voiced stop's matrix, and a labialised consonant departs from its plain counterpart by labialized, [+round] with [+labial] for the velars. PHOIBLE has no Drubea inventory. A segment is named by the source's transcription where Lean admits the symbol, else by the symbol's name.

Main definitions

• Drubea.p, Drubea.pw, Drubea.tRetroflex, …: the consonants; Drubea.consonants the set of them.
• Drubea.i, Drubea.smallCapitalI, Drubea.iNasal, …: the vowel qualities; Drubea.vowels.
• Drubea.inventory: the phonemes.

Main results

• Drubea.isVowel_iff: the vowels are the [+syllabic] phonemes.

References

• [Lio25]
• [Riv73]
• [SP90]
• [MMcC19]

Consonants

def Drubea.labialized : Phonology.Segment

Labialisation: [+round], with [+labial] for a non-labial base.

Equations

• Drubea.labialized = Phonology.Segment.ofSpecs [(Phonology.Feature.labial, true), (Phonology.Feature.round, true)]

def Drubea.p : Phonology.Segment

/p/.

Equations

• Drubea.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Drubea.pw : Phonology.Segment

/pw/, the labialised bilabial plosive.

Equations

• Drubea.pw = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p Drubea.labialized

def Drubea.t : Phonology.Segment

/t/.

Equations

• Drubea.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Drubea.tRetroflex : Phonology.Segment

/ʈ/, the retroflex plosive.

Equations

• Drubea.tRetroflex = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʈ»

def Drubea.c : Phonology.Segment

/c/, the palatal plosive.

Equations

• Drubea.c = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.c

def Drubea.k : Phonology.Segment

/k/.

Equations

• Drubea.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Drubea.kw : Phonology.Segment

/kw/, the labialised velar plosive.

Equations

• Drubea.kw = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k Drubea.labialized

def Drubea.b : Phonology.Segment

/b/, phonetically the prenasalised [ᵐb].

Equations

• Drubea.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Drubea.bw : Phonology.Segment

/bw/, phonetically [ᵐbʷ].

Equations

• Drubea.bw = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b Drubea.labialized

def Drubea.d : Phonology.Segment

/d/, phonetically [ⁿd].

Equations

• Drubea.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Drubea.dRetroflex : Phonology.Segment

/ɖ/, phonetically the prenasalised retroflex [ᶯɖ].

Equations

• Drubea.dRetroflex = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɖ»

def Drubea.j : Phonology.Segment

/j/, phonetically the prenasalised palatal [ᶮɟ]; the glide is y.

Equations

• Drubea.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɟ»

def Drubea.g : Phonology.Segment

/g/, phonetically [ᵑɡ].

Equations

• Drubea.g = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Drubea.gw : Phonology.Segment

/gw/, phonetically [ᵑɡʷ]; Drubea only, where Numèè has /ŋw/.

Equations

• Drubea.gw = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ» Drubea.labialized

def Drubea.m : Phonology.Segment

/m/.

Equations

• Drubea.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Drubea.mw : Phonology.Segment

/mw/.

Equations

• Drubea.mw = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m Drubea.labialized

def Drubea.n : Phonology.Segment

/n/.

Equations

• Drubea.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Drubea.nRetroflex : Phonology.Segment

/ɳ/, the retroflex nasal.

Equations

• Drubea.nRetroflex = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɳ»

def Drubea.nPalatal : Phonology.Segment

/ɲ/, the palatal nasal.

Equations

• Drubea.nPalatal = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɲ»

def Drubea.ŋ : Phonology.Segment

/ŋ/.

Equations

• Drubea.ŋ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ŋ

def Drubea.v : Phonology.Segment

/v/.

Equations

• Drubea.v = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.v

def Drubea.x : Phonology.Segment

/x/, phonetically [ɣ].

Equations

• Drubea.x = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.x

def Drubea.rRetroflex : Phonology.Segment

/ɽ/, the retroflex flap.

Equations

• Drubea.rRetroflex = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɽ»

def Drubea.y : Phonology.Segment

/y/, the palatal glide [j].

Equations

• Drubea.y = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Drubea.w : Phonology.Segment

/w/.

Equations

• Drubea.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Drubea.consonants : Finset Phonology.Segment

The consonants ((1) of [Lio25]).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Vowels

def Drubea.i : Phonology.Segment

/i/.

Equations

• Drubea.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Drubea.u : Phonology.Segment

/u/.

Equations

• Drubea.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Drubea.e : Phonology.Segment

/e/.

Equations

• Drubea.e = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.e

def Drubea.smallCapitalI : Phonology.Segment

/ɪ/, long only.

Equations

• Drubea.smallCapitalI = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɪ»

def Drubea.upsilon : Phonology.Segment

/ʊ/.

Equations

• Drubea.upsilon = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʊ»

def Drubea.openE : Phonology.Segment

/ɛ/.

Equations

• Drubea.openE = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɛ»

def Drubea.o : Phonology.Segment

/o/.

Equations

• Drubea.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Drubea.a : Phonology.Segment

/a/.

Equations

• Drubea.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Drubea.iNasal : Phonology.Segment

/ĩ/.

Equations

• Drubea.iNasal = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ĩ»

def Drubea.uNasal : Phonology.Segment

/ũ/.

Equations

• Drubea.uNasal = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ũ»

def Drubea.eNasal : Phonology.Segment

/ẽ/.

Equations

• Drubea.eNasal = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ẽ»

def Drubea.oNasal : Phonology.Segment

/õ/.

Equations

• Drubea.oNasal = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«õ»

def Drubea.aNasal : Phonology.Segment

/ã/.

Equations

• Drubea.aNasal = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ã»

def Drubea.vowels : Finset Phonology.Segment

The vowel qualities ((2) of [Lio25]).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Drubea.inventory : Finset Phonology.Segment

The phonemes.

Equations

• Drubea.inventory = Drubea.consonants ∪ Drubea.vowels

theorem Drubea.isVowel_iff (s : Phonology.Segment) : s ∈ inventory → (s.IsVowel ↔ s ∈ vowels)

The vowels are the [+syllabic] phonemes.