Tanti Dargwa voice

This file defines the valency alternations of Tanti Dargwa as Sumbatova describes them. The causative -aq is the only valency-changing morphology: the causee of an intransitive base is the absolutive P of the derived clause, that of a transitive base an oblique in the inter-elative, a locative form without the direction marker every spatial elative carries. The antipassive is uncoded and confined to imperfective forms, and some transitive forms are P-labile, the preterite če-b-asː-un meaning 'he glued it' or 'it stuck' where the future tells the two apart by its thematic suffix.

Main definitions

• Dargwa.antipassive, Dargwa.anticausative, Dargwa.causativeOfIntransitive, Dargwa.causativeOfTransitive, Dargwa.alternations: the valency alternations
• Dargwa.causeeForm: the inter-elative of the causee of a transitive base

Main results

• Dargwa.isCoded_iff: the two causatives are the alternations coded on the verb
• Dargwa.causativeOfIntransitive_fateOfRole_S, Dargwa.causativeOfTransitive_valency: the causee of an intransitive base stays a core term; that of a transitive base is demoted as the causer is introduced, so the valency is unchanged
• Dargwa.not_isSpatial_causeeForm, Dargwa.causeeForm_morphs: the causee form is the directionless elative no spatial form is, -cːe-r after the oblique stem
• Dargwa.labile_future_thematic: the future forms of a P-labile verb differ in their thematic suffix

Implementation notes

• The demoted causee and the antipassive patient are adpositional positions of the derived frame, the frame vocabulary's oblique; the case each takes is stated with the voice.

References

• N. Sumbatova, Dargwa (2021)
• D. Creissels, Transitivity, Valency, and Voice (2024)

def Dargwa.antipassive : Voice

The antipassive is uncoded and confined to imperfective forms. The A is absolutive and the P is demoted to an ergative that controls no agreement; affective verbs have none.

Equations

• Dargwa.antipassive = Voice.antipassive

def Dargwa.anticausative : Voice

P-lability is the uncoded anticausative of a transitive form, mostly of verbs of situations that occur with or without an agent, whose patient is then the S.

Equations

• Dargwa.anticausative = Voice.anticausative

def Dargwa.causativeOfIntransitive : Voice

The causative -aq of an intransitive verb. The causer is the ergative A and the causee, the initial S, the absolutive P.

Equations

• Dargwa.causativeOfIntransitive = Voice.causative.marked [Morphology.Morph.suff "aq"]

def Dargwa.causativeOfTransitive : Voice

The causative -aq of a transitive verb. The causer is the ergative A and the causee, the initial A, an oblique in the inter-elative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Dargwa.causeeForm : LocativeForm

The inter-elative of the causee of a transitive base, a locative form without a direction marker.

Equations

• Dargwa.causeeForm = { localization := Dargwa.Localization.inter, orientation := Dargwa.Orientation.elative, direction := none }

def Dargwa.alternations : Finset Voice

The valency alternations of Tanti.

Equations

• Dargwa.alternations = {Dargwa.antipassive, Dargwa.anticausative, Dargwa.causativeOfIntransitive, Dargwa.causativeOfTransitive}

theorem Dargwa.isCoded_iff {v : Voice} (hv : v ∈ alternations) : v.IsCoded ↔ v = causativeOfIntransitive ∨ v = causativeOfTransitive

The causative is the only alternation coded on the verb.

theorem Dargwa.causativeOfIntransitive_fateOfRole_S : causativeOfIntransitive.fateOfRole Voice.TermRole.S = Voice.ParticipantFate.maintained

The causee of an intransitive base stays a core term, the P of the derived construction.

theorem Dargwa.causativeOfTransitive_valency : causativeOfTransitive.Nucleativizes ∧ causativeOfTransitive.fateOfRole Voice.TermRole.A = Voice.ParticipantFate.denucleativized ∧ causativeOfTransitive.derived.valency = causativeOfTransitive.initial.valency

The causative of a transitive base introduces the causer as it demotes the causee, so the derived construction has the valency of the initial one.

theorem Dargwa.not_isSpatial_causeeForm : ¬causeeForm.IsSpatial

The causee form is an elative without a direction marker, which no spatial elative is.

theorem Dargwa.causeeForm_morphs (g : Gender.Marker) : causeeForm.morphs g = [Morphology.Morph.suff "cːe", Morphology.Morph.suff "r"]

The causee durʜaˁ-li-cːe-r 'the boy' takes -cːe-r after the oblique stem.

theorem Dargwa.labile_future_thematic : thematic { high := Person.third, low := Person.third } = Morphology.Morph.suff "u" ∧ Morphology.Morph.suff "ar" ∈ intransitiveThematic Person.third

The future forms of a P-labile verb with third-person arguments are told apart by the thematic suffix, -u for če-b-alsː-u '(he) will glue it' and -ar for če-b-alsː-ar 'it will stick'.