Dargwa (Tanti) Coordination @cite{sumbatova-2021}

Clause coordination is not typical of Dargwa — subordination via non-finite verb forms is the primary strategy for combining clauses (@cite{sumbatova-2021} §4.8.1). When coordination does occur, it uses the following strategies:

NP Coordination

• =ra (ADD): enclitic additive particle, repeated after each conjunct. Also used as a sentence-level additive ('also, too'). "c'al malla=ra ca qulki=ra" = 'two mullahs and a thief'.

• ja ... ja (DISJ ... DISJ): repeated disjunction. "ja ... ja" = 'neither ... nor' (with negation).

• =nu: contrastive/causal particle.

These patterns connect to the M&S (Mitrovic & Sauerland) typology formalized in Phenomena.Coordination.Studies.Haspelmath2007.

Connection to Typology

Dargwa's =ra is a MU particle (repeated on each conjunct, also additive), making Dargwa a MU-only conjunction language. The absence of a J-only strategy (no free "and" between conjuncts) is predicted by M&S: languages can have MU without J.

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ra : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

=ra — additive/conjunction particle. Bound enclitic, postpositive. Repeated after each conjunct: "A=ra B=ra" = 'A and B'. Also sentence-level additive: "nuka=ra" = 'we too'. This is a MU particle.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ja : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

ja...ja — disjunction. Free, repeated before each disjunct. "ja A ja B" = 'either A or B'. With negation: 'neither A nor B'.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.nu : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

=nu — contrastive/causal particle. Marks contrast between clauses or causal relation.

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.nu = { form := "=nu", gloss := "but; because", role := Features.Coordination.CoordRole.advers, boundness := Features.Coordination.Boundness.bound }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.allEntries : List Features.Coordination.CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.allEntries = [Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ra, Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ja, Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.nu]

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.no_j_particle : (List.filter (fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.role == Features.Coordination.CoordRole.j) allEntries).length = 0

Dargwa has no J-only conjunction particle. Its conjunction strategy is MU-only (=ra repeated on each conjunct).

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.mu_is_additive : ((List.filter (fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.role == Features.Coordination.CoordRole.mu) allEntries).all fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.alsoAdditive) = true

The MU particle =ra is also an additive particle, as predicted by M&S typology.

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.mu_is_bound : ((List.filter (fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.role == Features.Coordination.CoordRole.mu) allEntries).all fun (x : Features.Coordination.CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Features.Coordination.Boundness.bound) = true

The MU particle is bound (enclitic).