Modern Standard Arabic phonology

This file defines the 28 consonants and the three vowels of Modern Standard Arabic ([Ryd05]) as segments named by their IPA symbols, with feature values from the PHOIBLE chart. A long vowel is not a further phoneme here.

The chart entries follow the glyphs of PHOIBLE's Arabic inventory 2157, an urban Levantine composite, so the coronals are dental and the emphatics are the chart's [+RTR] consonants, which differ from their plain counterparts in [RTR] alone. The standard language departs from that inventory in four consonants: /t/ and /k/ are plain where 2157 has aspirated t̪ʰ and kʰ, and the fricatives خ and غ are the uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ where 2157 has xʀ̥ and velar ɣ. The inventory's lˤ is not a phoneme of the standard language. The values /dʒ/ for ج and /ðˤ/ for ظ are those of [Ryd05]; corpus transcription traditions write them g and zˤ.

Main definitions

• b, f, …, j: the consonants, and consonants, the set of them.
• a, i, u: the vowels, and vowels, the set of them.

Main results

• subset_arb: every consonant but t, k, χ and ʁ is a segment of PHOIBLE's inventory 2157.

References

• [Ryd05]
• [MMcC19]

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/ (ب).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/ (ف).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/ (م).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless dental stop /t/ (ت).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̪»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced dental stop /d/ (د).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̪»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«tˤ» : Phonology.Segment

The emphatic voiceless stop /tˤ/ (ط).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«tˤ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̪̙ˤ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«dˤ» : Phonology.Segment

The emphatic voiced stop /dˤ/ (ض).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«dˤ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̙ˤ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.θ : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless dental fricative /θ/ (ث).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.θ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«θ̪»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.ð : Phonology.Segment

The voiced dental fricative /ð/ (ذ).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.ð = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ð̪»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ðˤ» : Phonology.Segment

The emphatic voiced dental fricative /ðˤ/ (ظ).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ðˤ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ð̪̙ˤ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ (س).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.z : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar fricative /z/ (ز).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.z = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.z

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«sˤ» : Phonology.Segment

The emphatic voiceless fricative /sˤ/ (ص).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«sˤ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«s̙ˤ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (ش).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʃ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«dʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar affricate /dʒ/ (ج).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«dʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̪ʒ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/ (ك).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.q : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless uvular stop /q/ (ق).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.q = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.q

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.χ : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless uvular fricative /χ/ (خ).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.χ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.χ

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʁ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/ (غ).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʁ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʁ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.ħ : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/ (ح).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.ħ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ħ

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʕ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced pharyngeal fricative /ʕ/ (ع).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʕ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʕ̙»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.h : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless glottal fricative /h/ (ه).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.h = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.h

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʔ» : Phonology.Segment

The glottal stop /ʔ/ (ء).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.«ʔ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʔ»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.l : Phonology.Segment

The lateral /l/ (ل).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.r : Phonology.Segment

The trill /r/ (ر).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.r = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.r

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.n : Phonology.Segment

The dental nasal /n/ (ن).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«n̪»

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/ (و).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.j : Phonology.Segment

The palatal glide /j/ (ي).

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.consonants : Finset Phonology.Segment

The consonants of Modern Standard Arabic.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.a : Phonology.Segment

The open vowel /a/.

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.i : Phonology.Segment

The close front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.u : Phonology.Segment

The close back vowel /u/.

Equations

• Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.vowels : Finset Phonology.Segment

The vowels of Modern Standard Arabic.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Arabic.ModernStandard.Phonology.subset_arb : consonants \ {t, k, χ, «ʁ»} ⊆ Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Arabic.arb.segments

Every consonant but t, k, χ and ʁ is a segment of PHOIBLE's inventory 2157.