Amharic phonology

This file defines the 31 consonants and seven vowels of Amharic, as in PHOIBLE's inventory 131, as segments named by their IPA symbols, with feature values from the PHOIBLE chart. The inventory also lists the geminates, which are not further phonemes here. The chart has no entry for the labialized consonants, whose [labial] value PHOIBLE gives as a contour, so each is the plain consonant with [+round], [−labiodental] and no [labial] value, as the inventory gives it.

Main definitions

• b, d, …, ʔ: the consonants, and consonants, the set of them.
• a, e, …, ɨ: the vowels, and vowels, the set of them.

Main results

• amh_phonemes_map: the consonants and vowels are the segments of inventory 131's phonemes other than the geminates.

References

• [MMcC19]

def Amharic.Phonology.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Amharic.Phonology.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar stop /d/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Amharic.Phonology.«d̠ʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar affricate /d̠ʒ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«d̠ʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̠ʒ»

def Amharic.Phonology.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def Amharic.Phonology.h : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless glottal fricative /h/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.h = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.h

def Amharic.Phonology.«hʷ» : Phonology.Segment

The labialized voiceless glottal fricative /hʷ/.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Amharic.Phonology.j : Phonology.Segment

The palatal glide /j/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Amharic.Phonology.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Amharic.Phonology.«kʷ» : Phonology.Segment

The labialized voiceless velar stop /kʷ/.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Amharic.Phonology.«kʷʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The labialized velar ejective /kʷʼ/.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Amharic.Phonology.«kʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The velar ejective /kʼ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«kʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«kʼ»

def Amharic.Phonology.l : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar lateral /l/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Amharic.Phonology.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Amharic.Phonology.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Amharic.Phonology.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Amharic.Phonology.«pʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial ejective /pʼ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«pʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«pʼ»

def Amharic.Phonology.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Amharic.Phonology.«sʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar ejective fricative /sʼ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«sʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«sʼ»

def Amharic.Phonology.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Amharic.Phonology.«tʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar ejective /tʼ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«tʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«tʼ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«t̠ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar affricate /t̠ʃ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«t̠ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̠ʃ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«t̠ʃʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The postalveolar ejective affricate /t̠ʃʼ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«t̠ʃʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̠ʃʼ»

def Amharic.Phonology.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Amharic.Phonology.z : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.z = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.z

def Amharic.Phonology.«ɡ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /ɡ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ɡ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«ɡʷ» : Phonology.Segment

The labialized voiced velar stop /ɡʷ/.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Amharic.Phonology.«ɲ» : Phonology.Segment

The palatal nasal /ɲ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ɲ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɲ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«ɾ» : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar tap, the Amharic r /ɾ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ɾ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɾ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʃ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«ʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʒ»

def Amharic.Phonology.«ʔ» : Phonology.Segment

The glottal stop /ʔ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ʔ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʔ»

def Amharic.Phonology.consonants : Finset Phonology.Segment

The consonants of Amharic.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Amharic.Phonology.a : Phonology.Segment

The open central vowel /a/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Amharic.Phonology.e : Phonology.Segment

The close-mid front vowel /e/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.e = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.e

def Amharic.Phonology.i : Phonology.Segment

The close front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Amharic.Phonology.o : Phonology.Segment

The close-mid back vowel /o/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Amharic.Phonology.u : Phonology.Segment

The close back vowel /u/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Amharic.Phonology.«ə» : Phonology.Segment

The mid central vowel, the transcription's ä /ə/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ə» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ə»

def Amharic.Phonology.«ɨ» : Phonology.Segment

The close central vowel /ɨ/.

Equations

• Amharic.Phonology.«ɨ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɨ»

def Amharic.Phonology.vowels : Finset Phonology.Segment

The vowels of Amharic.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Amharic.Phonology.amh_phonemes_map : List.map (fun (x : Data.PHOIBLE.Phoneme) => Phonology.Segment.ofChart x.features) (List.filter (fun (x : Data.PHOIBLE.Phoneme) => decide (x.features Data.PHOIBLE.Feature.long ≠ some true)) Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Amharic.amh.phonemes) = have y := have y := have y := [i, o, u, «ə», «ɨ»]; «ʃ» :: «ʒ» :: «ʔ» :: a :: e :: y; have y := z :: «ɡ» :: «ɡʷ» :: «ɲ» :: «ɾ» :: y; «tʼ» :: «t̠ʃ» :: «t̠ʃʼ» :: w :: y; have y := have y := p :: «pʼ» :: s :: «sʼ» :: t :: y; «kʷʼ» :: «kʼ» :: l :: m :: n :: y; have y := h :: «hʷ» :: j :: k :: «kʷ» :: y; b :: d :: «d̠ʒ» :: f :: y

The consonants and vowels, in the order of PHOIBLE's inventory 131, are the segments of its phonemes other than the geminates, which are [+long].