Grammaticalization #
[Hei93] [And06a] [BPP94] [lehmann-1985] [heine-kuteva-2002] [hopper-traugott-2003]
Grammaticalization: the diachronic process by which lexical items become grammatical markers. The cline of verbal grammaticalization formalized here is the 5-stage variant:
full verb → auxiliary → clitic → affix → zero
Attribution #
The verbal cline is anchored on [Hei93] ch. 3 (the source
[And06a] cites at p. 5 as Heine (1993: 48ff.)).
Anderson's own running shorthand at p. 5 collapses to three stages
(L[exical] V[erb] >> A[uxiliary] V > AF[fi]X); the 5-stage form
here splits Heine's continuum at the canonical clitic/affix/zero
boundaries also used by [lehmann-1985] and [hopper-traugott-2003].
Caveat ([Hei93] p. 66, endorsed by [And06a] p. 5):
"we are dealing with chains [of grammaticalization] and since chains
are by definition continuous structures, setting up stages along
these structures must remain an arbitrary and/or artificial endeavor."
The discrete enum below is a working approximation; consumer files
that need finer-grained transitions should pair GramStage with
their own intermediate-state predicates rather than treat the 5
cases as exhaustive.
This process is cross-linguistically unidirectional: movement is always toward greater morphological boundedness ([lehmann-1985], [hopper-traugott-2003]).
Main definitions #
GramStage: stages on the grammaticalization clineGramStage.boundedness: numeric encoding of morphological boundedness
Connections #
Haspelmath2021(§0): form-frequency correspondence is a parallel diachronic process (phonological erosion of frequent forms). Apparatus co-located in the Haspelmath 2021 study file (single consumer); promote to substrate when a second diachronic study materializes.Quantification.Binominal: the bleaching cline for binominals (N+PP → pseudo-partitive → evaluative → modifier → intensifier) is a specialized grammaticalization path in the nominal domain.Features.Subjectivity: Traugott's subjectification cline is a semantic dimension of grammaticalization (seeStudies/Traugott2010.lean).
Stage on the grammaticalization cline for verbal elements.
Cline anchored on [Hei93] for the broad path
LV >> AV >> AFFIX; the specific 5-stage segmentation
(fullVerb / auxiliary / clitic / affix / zero) is a
coarsening drawn from [lehmann-1985] and
[hopper-traugott-2003] ch. 6, NOT a direct rendering of
Heine's own staging (Heine 1993 §2.4.2 uses a finer 7-stage
A-G chain: concrete-source → starting-down → budding →
defective → linguistic-hybrid → firmly-grammaticalized →
orphaning). [And06a] p. 5 attributes the
LV >> AV > AFX path to Heine 1993:48ff. without committing
to a specific stage count; ch. 7 traces grammaticalization of
source constructions onto whatever cline the framework adopts.
The 5-stage enum here is the linglib working approximation,
not Heine's own taxonomy.
- fullVerb : GramStage
Lexical verb with full argument structure.
- auxiliary : GramStage
Grammaticalized verb, restricted morphosyntax.
- clitic : GramStage
Phonologically reduced, syntactically dependent.
- affix : GramStage
Bound morpheme, part of the verbal word.
- zero : GramStage
No overt marker (grammaticalization endpoint).
Instances For
Equations
- Grammaticalization.instDecidableEqGramStage x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯
Equations
Equations
- One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
Instances For
Boundedness increases monotonically along the cline.