Ochs (1992): Indexing Gender

This file formalizes the model of indirect indexicality in [Och92]. Few features of language index gender directly and exclusively; linguistic forms directly index stances, acts, and activities, and these in turn help to constitute gender, so the relation of language to gender is non-exclusive, constitutive, and mediated. The Japanese sentence-final particles of [Uye71] are the running example: ze directly indexes coarse intensity and wa delicate intensity, and the affective dispositions so indexed are part of the preferred images of men and women. The two steps are association fields, from form to stance (formStance) and from stance to gender (stanceGender), and the indirect form–gender association is their product (composed), an index of the second order in the sense of [Sil03]. ze indexes masculinity more than femininity and wa the reverse, through the stances alone, and both particles carry a positive association with both genders, the non-exclusivity that follows from every stance being available to both sexes.

Implementation notes

The form-to-stance map is categorical, and the stance-to-gender strengths are two parameters, the strength a with which a stance indexes the gender whose preferred image it belongs to and the strength b with which it indexes the other, the chapter fixing only that both are positive and that a exceeds b; the theorems assume no more. The third property of the chapter, that the relation is temporally transcendent, is not represented.

References

• [Och92]
• [Uye71]
• [Sil76]
• [Sil03]
• [Eck08]
• [WZ87]

inductive Ochs1992.Stance : Type

The two interactional stances of the chapter's example are coarse intensity, the rough forceful style, and delicate intensity, the gentle refined one.

• coarse : Stance
• delicate : Stance

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ochs1992.instDecidableEqStance : DecidableEq Stance

Equations

• Ochs1992.instDecidableEqStance x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ochs1992.instFintypeStance : Fintype Stance

Equations

• Ochs1992.instFintypeStance = { elems := {Ochs1992.Stance.coarse, Ochs1992.Stance.delicate}, complete := ⋯ }

inductive Ochs1992.GenderPole : Type

The poles of the social gender dimension ([WZ87]).

• masculine : GenderPole
• feminine : GenderPole

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ochs1992.instDecidableEqGenderPole : DecidableEq GenderPole

Equations

• Ochs1992.instDecidableEqGenderPole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

inductive Ochs1992.SFP : Type

The two sentence-final particles, ze, coarse, and wa, delicate.

• ze : SFP
• wa : SFP

@[instance_reducible]

instance Ochs1992.instDecidableEqSFP : DecidableEq SFP

Equations

• Ochs1992.instDecidableEqSFP x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Ochs1992.formStance {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] : SocialMeaning.AssociationField SFP Stance R

The direct index has each particle index exactly one stance.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ochs1992.stanceGender {R : Type u_1} (a b : R) : SocialMeaning.AssociationField Stance GenderPole R

The constitutive relation makes coarse intensity part of the preferred image of men and delicate intensity of women, each stance indexing its own gender with strength a and the other with strength b, since both sexes use both.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Ochs1992.composed {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] (a b : R) : SocialMeaning.AssociationField SFP GenderPole R

The indirect index of gender by a particle composes the two maps through the stances.

Equations

• Ochs1992.composed a b = Ochs1992.formStance * Ochs1992.stanceGender a b

theorem Ochs1992.composed_ze {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] (a b : R) (g : GenderPole) : composed a b SFP.ze g = stanceGender a b Stance.coarse g

ze inherits the gender associations of coarse intensity.

theorem Ochs1992.composed_wa {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] (a b : R) (g : GenderPole) : composed a b SFP.wa g = stanceGender a b Stance.delicate g

wa inherits the gender associations of delicate intensity.

theorem Ochs1992.ze_indexes_masculine {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] [Preorder R] {a b : R} (h : b < a) : composed a b SFP.ze GenderPole.feminine < composed a b SFP.ze GenderPole.masculine

ze indexes masculinity more than femininity, mediated by coarse intensity.

theorem Ochs1992.wa_indexes_feminine {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] [Preorder R] {a b : R} (h : b < a) : composed a b SFP.wa GenderPole.masculine < composed a b SFP.wa GenderPole.feminine

wa indexes femininity more than masculinity, mediated by delicate intensity.

theorem Ochs1992.indexes_all {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] [Preorder R] {a b : R} (hb : 0 < b) (h : b < a) (sfp : SFP) (g : GenderPole) : (composed a b).Indexes sfp g

Every particle indexes both poles, since every stance does and every particle indexes a stance, the non-exclusivity of the relation.

theorem Ochs1992.composed_ze_ne_wa {R : Type u_1} [Semiring R] [Preorder R] {a b : R} (h : b < a) (g : GenderPole) : composed a b SFP.ze g ≠ composed a b SFP.wa g

The two particles contrast on each pole.