Documentation

Linglib.Theories.Syntax.Minimalist.Voice

Voice Head Flavors #

@cite{chomsky-2001} @cite{coon-2019} @cite{cuervo-2003} @cite{harley-2014} @cite{kratzer-1996} @cite{legate-2003} @cite{schaefer-2008} @cite{wood-2015}

Voice heads introduce (or fail to introduce) external arguments. The key typology from @cite{schaefer-2008}:

Agentive: Introduces an agent external argument (@cite{kratzer-1996} Voice_AG)
Causer: Introduces a causer (@cite{schaefer-2008} Voice_CAUSE)
NonThematic: Semantically vacuous — no θ-role, but has a [D] feature requiring PF realization (anticausative SE in Romance; Muñoz @cite{munoz-perez-2026})
Expletive: No specifier, no semantics (middle voice, dispositionals)
Reflexive: [+θ, +D] with reflexive binding (@cite{wood-2015} Icelandic -st)
Experiencer: [+θ, +D] introducing experiencer (@cite{wood-2015} subject-exp -st)

Key Claim #

Non-thematic Voice contributes no semantics. SE is a PF marker of absent external argument, not a semantic operator. Evidence: SE is optional in Chilean Spanish when Fission produces a syncretic clitic.

Voice–VerbHead Bridge (§§ 5–6) #

Voice and VerbHead are both "little-v" but encode different dimensions: Voice determines whether an external argument is introduced; VerbHead decomposes the event structure into subevents.

Following @cite{cuervo-2003} and @cite{pylkkanen-2008}, the CAUSE relation is modeled here as an independent VerbHead in the root's event decomposition — present in both causative and anticausative alternants. Voice contributes vDO (the agent's activity subevent) when it assigns a θ-role, but does NOT contribute the causal relation.

Note: @cite{wood-2015} uses a SINGLE v head whose interpretation introduces CAUSE, rather than @cite{cuervo-2003}'s multi-headed decomposition. The VerbHead decomposition used here is a linglib modeling choice that captures the same Voice–CAUSE independence using @cite{cuervo-2003}'s notation. See Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.Wood2015 for the Icelandic -st apparatus (the Wood-2015 -st classification, root-structure projections, and ±D/±λx grid analysis); the lexical fragment Fragments.Icelandic.Predicates carries only the consensus verb forms.

inductive Minimalist.VoiceFlavor :

Typology of Voice head flavors.

Agentive Voice introduces an agent; causer Voice introduces a causer; non-thematic Voice has no semantics (anticausative SE); expletive Voice has neither specifier nor semantics (middles); passive Voice checks Case without assigning θ (@cite{collins-2005}: by); reflexive Voice introduces agent that binds internal argument (@cite{wood-2015}); experiencer Voice introduces experiencer external argument (@cite{wood-2015}).

agentive : VoiceFlavor
causer : VoiceFlavor
nonThematic : VoiceFlavor
expletive : VoiceFlavor
impersonal : VoiceFlavor
passive : VoiceFlavor
antipassive : VoiceFlavor
reflexive : VoiceFlavor
experiencer : VoiceFlavor

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceFlavor :

DecidableEq VoiceFlavor

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceFlavor x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Minimalist.instReprVoiceFlavor.repr :

VoiceFlavor → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instReprVoiceFlavor :

Repr VoiceFlavor

Equations

Minimalist.instReprVoiceFlavor = { reprPrec := Minimalist.instReprVoiceFlavor.repr }

def Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.defaultPhasal :

VoiceFlavor → Bool

The default phasehood for each Voice flavor under the Collins-2005 / Chomsky-2001 baseline: agentive, causer, reflexive, and experiencer Voice are phase heads (they assign a θ-role and project a specifier); the other flavors are non-phasal by default. Per-construction divergences from this baseline are encoded via VoiceHead.phaseOverride.

Equations

Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.agentive.defaultPhasal = true
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.causer.defaultPhasal = true
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.reflexive.defaultPhasal = true
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.experiencer.defaultPhasal = true
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.nonThematic.defaultPhasal = false
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.expletive.defaultPhasal = false
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.impersonal.defaultPhasal = false
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.passive.defaultPhasal = false
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.antipassive.defaultPhasal = false

Instances For

def Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.thetaRole :

VoiceFlavor → Option ThetaRole

Severing prediction (@cite{kratzer-1996}): Voice flavor determines WHICH theta role the external argument gets, going beyond VoiceHead.AssignsTheta (which only says WHETHER there is one).

The current typology distinguishes agent, stimulus, and experiencer among θ-assigning flavors; non-θ flavors return none.

Equations

Instances For

structure Minimalist.VoiceHead :

A Voice head with its properties.

flavor : VoiceFlavor
The flavor determining argument introduction and semantics
hasD : Bool
[D] subcategorization feature: requires a specifier at PF
phaseOverride : Option Bool
Per-construction override of the flavor-default phasehood. none uses flavor.defaultPhasal; some b overrides to b. Use this to express principled per-paper divergence from the Collins-2005 baseline: e.g., @cite{erlewine-sommerlot-2025} sets some true on Malayic passive Voice, @cite{coon-2019} sets some false on Chol intransitive v_w/v_ch agentive variants, @cite{coon-mateo-pedro-preminger-2014} sets some false on Mam Agent Focus Voice.
checksCase : Bool
Does this Voice head check Case? In active, v checks accusative; in passive, Voice/by checks it (@cite{collins-2005}, p. 96: feature dissociation). Default false — only passive Voice checks Case.
features : FeatureBundle
Agree-relevant features on Voice (e.g., [uOblique] for Mam =(y)a'). Default empty — most Voice heads carry no probe features.

Instances For

def Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceHead.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : VoiceHead) :

Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceHead :

DecidableEq VoiceHead

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceHead = Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceHead.decEq

def Minimalist.instReprVoiceHead.repr :

VoiceHead → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instReprVoiceHead :

Equations

Minimalist.instReprVoiceHead = { reprPrec := Minimalist.instReprVoiceHead.repr }

Predicate API (mathlib-style, Prop with `Decidable`) #

IsPhasal, AssignsTheta, HasSemantics are canonical Prop predicates; the underlying Bool computations live in their Decidable instances. Use decide v.IsPhasal for a Bool conversion when you genuinely need one (if-conditionals, exhaustive case checks). The data fields hasD and checksCase remain Bool (struct-level data, not derived predicates); HasD and ChecksCase expose them in Prop form.

def Minimalist.VoiceHead.IsPhasal (v : VoiceHead) :

This Voice head is phasal: per-construction override if present, else the flavor default.

Equations

v.IsPhasal = (v.phaseOverride.getD v.flavor.defaultPhasal = true)

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableIsPhasal (v : VoiceHead) :

Decidable v.IsPhasal

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableIsPhasal v = Minimalist.instDecidableIsPhasal._aux_1 v

def Minimalist.VoiceHead.AssignsTheta (v : VoiceHead) :

This Voice head introduces a θ-role.

Holds for agentive, causer, antipassive, reflexive, experiencer.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableAssignsTheta (v : VoiceHead) :

Decidable v.AssignsTheta

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableAssignsTheta v = id inferInstance

def Minimalist.VoiceHead.HasSemantics (v : VoiceHead) :

This Voice head has semantic content.

Holds for everything except nonThematic (purely PF, e.g. anticausative SE) and expletive (middle voice, no semantic contribution).

Equations

v.HasSemantics = (v.flavor ≠ Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.nonThematic ∧ v.flavor ≠ Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.expletive)

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableHasSemantics (v : VoiceHead) :

Decidable v.HasSemantics

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableHasSemantics v = id inferInstance

def Minimalist.VoiceHead.HasD (v : VoiceHead) :

This Voice head subcategorizes for a specifier (Prop wrapper over the hasD : Bool data field).

Equations

v.HasD = (v.hasD = true)

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableHasD (v : VoiceHead) :

Decidable v.HasD

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableHasD v = Minimalist.instDecidableHasD._aux_1 v

def Minimalist.VoiceHead.ChecksCase (v : VoiceHead) :

This Voice head checks Case (Prop wrapper over the checksCase : Bool data field).

Equations

v.ChecksCase = (v.checksCase = true)

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableChecksCase (v : VoiceHead) :

Decidable v.ChecksCase

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableChecksCase v = Minimalist.instDecidableChecksCase._aux_1 v

def Minimalist.voiceAgent :

Agentive Voice (transitive/unergative): introduces agent, is a phase head.

Equations

Minimalist.voiceAgent = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.agentive, hasD := true }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voiceCauser :

Causer Voice: introduces causer, is a phase head.

Equations

Minimalist.voiceCauser = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.causer, hasD := true }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voiceAnticausative :

Non-thematic Voice (anticausative): no θ-role, [D] for PF marking.

Equations

Minimalist.voiceAnticausative = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.nonThematic, hasD := true }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voiceMiddle :

Expletive Voice (middle): no specifier, no semantics.

Equations

Minimalist.voiceMiddle = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.expletive, hasD := false }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voiceImpersonal :

Impersonal Voice (Finnish "passive"): demotes agent to an implicit generic human referent. Has semantics (existential closure over agent) but does not assign a θ-role to a syntactic specifier.

Equations

Minimalist.voiceImpersonal = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.impersonal, hasD := false }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voicePassive :

Passive Voice: headed by by, checks Case but does not assign a θ-role — v assigns the θ-role to the external argument in Spec,vP. Passive v is NOT a phase head: the Case-checking feature that makes v* a strong phase head has been dissociated onto Voice/by.

This is why PartP (complement of v) remains accessible for smuggling: passive v is a defective v, not v*. Cf. @cite{chomsky-2001}: "only v* (transitive) is a strong phase."

Contested: @cite{legate-2003} argues passive v IS a phase head based on reconstruction and parasitic gap data. The current formalization follows @cite{collins-2005} and @cite{chomsky-2001}.

Equations

Minimalist.voicePassive = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.passive, hasD := true, checksCase := true }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voiceReflexive :

Reflexive Voice (@cite{wood-2015}): introduces agent that is coreferent with the internal argument. [+θ, +D], phase head (assigns θ). Icelandic -st spells out this Voice in reflexive constructions.

Equations

Minimalist.voiceReflexive = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.reflexive, hasD := true }

Instances For

def Minimalist.voiceExperiencer :

Experiencer Voice (@cite{wood-2015}): introduces experiencer external argument. [+θ, +D], phase head. Icelandic subject-experiencer -st verbs (e.g., leiðast 'be bored').

Equations

Minimalist.voiceExperiencer = { flavor := Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.experiencer, hasD := true }

Instances For

theorem Minimalist.agentive_assigns_theta :

voiceAgent.AssignsTheta

Agentive Voice assigns a θ-role.

theorem Minimalist.nonThematic_no_theta :

¬voiceAnticausative.AssignsTheta

Non-thematic Voice does NOT assign a θ-role (Muñoz Pérez's key claim).

theorem Minimalist.nonThematic_no_semantics :

¬voiceAnticausative.HasSemantics

Non-thematic Voice has no semantic contribution. This is the core claim of Muñoz @cite{munoz-perez-2026}: SE is a PF phenomenon.

theorem Minimalist.agentive_is_phase :

voiceAgent.IsPhasal

Agentive Voice is a phase head (v* = Voice_AG).

theorem Minimalist.anticausative_not_phase :

¬voiceAnticausative.IsPhasal

Non-thematic Voice is NOT a phase head.

theorem Minimalist.impersonal_no_theta :

¬voiceImpersonal.AssignsTheta

Impersonal Voice does NOT assign a θ-role (agent is existentially closed, not projected to a syntactic specifier).

theorem Minimalist.impersonal_has_semantics :

voiceImpersonal.HasSemantics

Impersonal Voice HAS semantics: it contributes an existential closure over the agent variable, unlike non-thematic Voice which is vacuous.

theorem Minimalist.passive_no_theta :

¬voicePassive.AssignsTheta

Passive Voice does NOT assign a θ-role (v does).

theorem Minimalist.passive_not_phase :

¬voicePassive.IsPhasal

Passive Voice IS NOT a phase head.

theorem Minimalist.passive_has_semantics :

voicePassive.HasSemantics

Passive Voice HAS semantic content (by mediates Case-checking).

theorem Minimalist.passive_checks_case :

voicePassive.ChecksCase

Passive Voice checks Case (@cite{collins-2005}, p. 96: feature dissociation).

theorem Minimalist.reflexive_assigns_theta :

voiceReflexive.AssignsTheta

Reflexive Voice assigns a θ-role (@cite{wood-2015}).

theorem Minimalist.experiencer_assigns_theta :

voiceExperiencer.AssignsTheta

Experiencer Voice assigns a θ-role (@cite{wood-2015}).

theorem Minimalist.theta_implies_active_flavor (v : VoiceHead) :

v.AssignsTheta → v.flavor = VoiceFlavor.agentive ∨ v.flavor = VoiceFlavor.causer ∨ v.flavor = VoiceFlavor.antipassive ∨ v.flavor = VoiceFlavor.reflexive ∨ v.flavor = VoiceFlavor.experiencer

Only θ-assigning Voice flavors assign θ-roles. The reverse direction of AssignsTheta's definition.

def Minimalist.buildDecomposition (voice : VoiceHead) (rootStructure : List VerbHead) :

Build the full verbal decomposition by combining Voice's contribution with the root-determined lower event structure.

Voice contributes vDO when it assigns a θ-role (agentive, causer, antipassive). The root supplies the lower structure, which now includes vCAUSE for change-of-state roots (@cite{wood-2015}, @cite{pylkkanen-2008}). CAUSE is independent of Voice:

Voice_AG + [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] → [vDO, vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] (causative)
Voice_nonTh + [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] → [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] (anticausative)
Voice_AG + [] → [vDO] (unergative activity)
Voice_nonTh + [vBE] → [vBE] (stative)

Equations

Minimalist.buildDecomposition voice rootStructure = if voice.AssignsTheta then Minimalist.VerbHead.vDO :: rootStructure else rootStructure

Instances For

theorem Minimalist.theta_voice_prepends_vDO (v : VoiceHead) (root : List VerbHead) (h : v.AssignsTheta) :

buildDecomposition v root = VerbHead.vDO :: root

θ-assigning Voice prepends vDO to the root structure.

theorem Minimalist.no_theta_passthrough (v : VoiceHead) (root : List VerbHead) (h : ¬v.AssignsTheta) :

buildDecomposition v root = root

Non-θ Voice leaves the root structure unchanged.

theorem Minimalist.agent_plus_change_is_causative :

isCausative (buildDecomposition voiceAgent [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true

Causative pattern: agentive Voice + [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] yields a causative decomposition.

theorem Minimalist.nonthematic_plus_change_is_inchoative :

isInchoative (buildDecomposition voiceAnticausative [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true

Inchoative pattern: non-thematic Voice + [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] stays inchoative.

theorem Minimalist.agent_plus_nothing_is_activity :

isActivity (buildDecomposition voiceAgent []) = true

Activity pattern: agentive Voice + [] yields an activity.

theorem Minimalist.nonthematic_plus_state_is_state :

isState (buildDecomposition voiceAnticausative [VerbHead.vBE]) = true

State pattern: non-thematic Voice + [vBE] yields a state.

theorem Minimalist.causative_alternation :

isCausative (buildDecomposition voiceAgent [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true ∧ isInchoative (buildDecomposition voiceAnticausative [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true

The causative alternation: same root structure [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE] is causative under agentive Voice but inchoative under non-thematic Voice. CAUSE is shared across both alternants — only vDO (from Voice) differs. This formalizes the @cite{wood-2015}/@cite{pylkkanen-2008} insight: CAUSE is independent of Voice.

theorem Minimalist.voice_determines_causativity (v : VoiceHead) :

isCausative (buildDecomposition v [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true ↔ v.AssignsTheta

Voice determines causativity: if the root structure is [vCAUSE, vGO, vBE], then whether the result is causative iff Voice assigns a θ-role.

theorem Minimalist.cause_independent_of_voice :

hasCause (buildDecomposition voiceAgent [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true ∧ hasCause (buildDecomposition voiceAnticausative [VerbHead.vCAUSE, VerbHead.vGO, VerbHead.vBE]) = true

CAUSE is present in both causative and anticausative decompositions. This is the independence claim: CAUSE is part of the root, not Voice.

theorem Minimalist.active_theta_and_case_unified :

voiceAgent.AssignsTheta ∧ ¬voiceAgent.ChecksCase

In active, v (= agentive Voice) assigns θ AND controls Case-checking (Case is checked by v, not by Voice). In passive, these functions dissociate: v assigns θ (external argument in Spec,vP), while Voice/by checks Case.

theorem Minimalist.passive_theta_case_dissociated :

¬voicePassive.AssignsTheta ∧ voicePassive.ChecksCase

Passive: θ-assignment and Case-checking are dissociated. Voice does NOT assign θ (v does), but Voice DOES check Case.

theorem Minimalist.utah_active_passive :

voiceAgent.HasD ∧ voicePassive.HasD

UTAH compliance: the external argument is structurally present (HasD) in BOTH active and passive. The external argument occupies the same position (Spec,vP) regardless of voice — satisfying the Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis.

theorem Minimalist.passive_no_vDO (root : List VerbHead) :

buildDecomposition voicePassive root = root

Passive Voice does not prepend vDO: it does not assign θ, so buildDecomposition passes the root structure through unchanged.

theorem Minimalist.agentive_voice_is_phase_head :

voiceAgent.IsPhasal ∧ voiceCauser.IsPhasal

Agentive Voice corresponds to traditional v* (phase head). In the @cite{kratzer-1996}/Schäfer framework, agentive Voice replaces v*. Both agentive and causer Voice are phase heads.

theorem Minimalist.nonthematic_voice_not_phase_head :

¬voiceAnticausative.IsPhasal ∧ ¬voiceMiddle.IsPhasal

Non-thematic and expletive Voice are NOT phase heads. Only θ-role-assigning Voice heads (agentive, causer) are phases.

inductive Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics :

How a Voice head introduces (or fails to introduce) an external argument semantically.

thematicArgument: [+λx] — introduces agent/causer via λ-abstraction; the external argument occupies Spec,VoiceP
thematicExistential: [+∃x] — introduces agent/causer via ∃-binding; agent is semantically present but syntactically implicit (@cite{schaefer-2017} (31b)/(31e): "medio-passive Voice" {λe∃x[agent(e,x)]})
expletive: [−λx] — no semantic contribution; Voice is semantically vacuous (anticausative SE, middles)

thematicArgument : ExternalArgSemantics
thematicExistential : ExternalArgSemantics
expletive : ExternalArgSemantics

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableEqExternalArgSemantics :

DecidableEq ExternalArgSemantics

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableEqExternalArgSemantics x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Minimalist.instReprExternalArgSemantics.repr :

ExternalArgSemantics → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instReprExternalArgSemantics :

Repr ExternalArgSemantics

Equations

Minimalist.instReprExternalArgSemantics = { reprPrec := Minimalist.instReprExternalArgSemantics.repr }

structure Minimalist.VoiceParams :

The ±D / ±λx parametric decomposition of Voice heads.

From @cite{alexiadou-schaefer-2015} (p. 109, ex. (12)), extended by @cite{schaefer-2017}. Two binary parameters generate the core cross-linguistic typology of Voice:

±D (selectsSpecifier): does Voice select a syntactic specifier?
±λx (extArgSemantics): does Voice introduce an external argument variable?

none values represent underspecification: the morpheme is compatible with multiple parameter settings, with the actual setting determined by independent factors (argument realization, verb class, pragmatics). Indonesian ber- is fully underspecified ⟨none, none⟩ (@cite{beavers-udayana-2022}); Spanish se is underspecified for ±D.

selectsSpecifier : Option Bool
Does Voice select a syntactic specifier (DP)? some true = [+D], some false = [−D], none = underspecified
extArgSemantics : Option ExternalArgSemantics
Does Voice introduce semantic agentivity/causation? none = underspecified

Instances For

def Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceParams.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : VoiceParams) :

Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceParams :

DecidableEq VoiceParams

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceParams = Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceParams.decEq

def Minimalist.instReprVoiceParams.repr :

VoiceParams → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instReprVoiceParams :

Repr VoiceParams

Equations

Minimalist.instReprVoiceParams = { reprPrec := Minimalist.instReprVoiceParams.repr }

def Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.toParams :

VoiceFlavor → VoiceParams

Map each named VoiceFlavor to its position in the ±D / ±λx parameter space.

Flavor	±D	±λx	Example
agentive	+D	+λx (arg)	English active
causer	+D	+λx (arg)	Psych causative
reflexive	+D	+λx (arg)	Icelandic -st reflexive
experiencer	+D	+λx (arg)	Icelandic subject-exp -st
nonThematic	+D	−λx	Romance anticausative SE
expletive	−D	−λx	English dispositional middle
impersonal	−D	+∃x	Finnish impersonal
passive	+D	−λx	English passive (by)

Note: nonThematic and passive occupy the same cell [+D, −λx]. They differ in Case-checking (VoiceHead.checksCase), which is a property of the full VoiceHead, not of the parametric decomposition.

Equations

Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.agentive.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.thematicArgument }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.causer.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.thematicArgument }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.antipassive.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.thematicArgument }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.reflexive.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.thematicArgument }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.experiencer.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.thematicArgument }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.nonThematic.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.expletive }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.expletive.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some false, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.expletive }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.impersonal.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some false, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.thematicExistential }
Minimalist.VoiceFlavor.passive.toParams = { selectsSpecifier := some true, extArgSemantics := some Minimalist.ExternalArgSemantics.expletive }

Instances For

def Minimalist.VoiceHead.params (v : VoiceHead) :

The parametric decomposition of a VoiceHead, derived from its flavor.

Equations

v.params = v.flavor.toParams

Instances For

def Minimalist.VoiceParams.assignsTheta? (p : VoiceParams) :

Option Bool

Does this parameter setting assign a theta role? Returns none when underspecified.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

def Minimalist.VoiceParams.isCompatibleWith (p q : VoiceParams) :

Bool

Are two VoiceParams settings compatible? Two settings are compatible if they agree on all specified dimensions. An underspecified dimension (none) is compatible with anything.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

def Minimalist.VoiceParams.isFullySpecified (p : VoiceParams) :

Bool

Is this parameter setting fully specified (no underspecification)?

Equations

p.isFullySpecified = (p.selectsSpecifier.isSome && p.extArgSemantics.isSome)

Instances For

theorem Minimalist.flavor_params_fully_specified (f : VoiceFlavor) :

f.toParams.isFullySpecified = true

All named VoiceFlavors produce fully specified params.

theorem Minimalist.flavor_params_theta_consistent (f : VoiceFlavor) :

f.toParams.assignsTheta? = some (match f with | VoiceFlavor.agentive => true | VoiceFlavor.causer => true | VoiceFlavor.antipassive => true | VoiceFlavor.reflexive => true | VoiceFlavor.experiencer => true | VoiceFlavor.impersonal => true | VoiceFlavor.nonThematic => false | VoiceFlavor.expletive => false | VoiceFlavor.passive => false)

VoiceHead.assignsTheta is consistent with VoiceParams.assignsTheta?: for fully-specified params, they agree.

theorem Minimalist.params_compatible_refl (p : VoiceParams) :

p.isCompatibleWith p = true

Compatibility is reflexive.

theorem Minimalist.underspecified_compatible_with_all (f : VoiceFlavor) :

have ber := { selectsSpecifier := none, extArgSemantics := none }; ber.isCompatibleWith f.toParams = true

A fully underspecified VoiceParams is compatible with every named VoiceFlavor — the key property for Indonesian ber-.

inductive Minimalist.VoiceProjectionLocus :

Where a non-active morphological exponent realizes its host head, in Voice/v space.

Non-active morphology (Romance se, Icelandic -st and -na, Hebrew hit-, etc.) can spell out distinct functional positions: Voice with a [D] feature, specifierless Voice, or v itself. The Voice_{D} vs Voice_{∅} distinction is from @cite{alexiadou-schaefer-2015} and @cite{wood-marantz-2017}; the v-vs-Voice distinction, in the @cite{wood-2015} treatment of Icelandic -ka, locates -ka on v rather than on Voice.

voiceDOrBare represents underspecification — a marking morpheme compatible with either Voice projection, with the actual setting determined by independent factors.

This enum is the projection-side complement of VoiceParams: where VoiceParams parameterizes a Voice head's own ±D/±λx settings, VoiceProjectionLocus classifies the projection an exponent picks out.

voiceD : VoiceProjectionLocus
Voice carrying a [D] feature; projects a specifier (@cite{wood-2015} Voice_{D}).
voiceBare : VoiceProjectionLocus
Specifierless Voice; no [D] feature (@cite{wood-2015} Voice_{∅}).
voiceDOrBare : VoiceProjectionLocus
Underspecified: compatible with either voiceD or voiceBare.
vHead : VoiceProjectionLocus
Exponent of v, not Voice (e.g., Icelandic -ka per @cite{wood-2015} Ch. 3, §3.3).

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceProjectionLocus :

DecidableEq VoiceProjectionLocus

Equations

Minimalist.instDecidableEqVoiceProjectionLocus x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Minimalist.instReprVoiceProjectionLocus.repr :

VoiceProjectionLocus → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Minimalist.instReprVoiceProjectionLocus :

Repr VoiceProjectionLocus

Equations

Minimalist.instReprVoiceProjectionLocus = { reprPrec := Minimalist.instReprVoiceProjectionLocus.repr }