Documentation

Linglib.Phenomena.WordOrder.Studies.BroekhuisCorver2026

Broekhuis & Corver (2026): Adpositions in Dutch #

@cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} @cite{dendikken-2010} @cite{svenonius-2010}

The four-way surface classification of Dutch adpositions (preP, postP, circumP, intransitive particle) is argued to be epiphenomenal: all derive from underlying prePs via movement within a PP-internal functional projection.

Core empirical generalizations #

  1. PostPs ⊆ PrePs — every postP can also be a preP (§6)
  2. PreP = locational; PostP = directional (§2.2, ex. 21–23)
  3. Morphologically complex PrePs block R-pronominalization (§2.1, ex. 20)
  4. PostPs/circumPs cannot take adjectival or clausal complements (§2.2)
  5. Dutch resists P-stranding; R-pronouns can be extracted (§5.2)

Theoretical analysis (§6, ex. 62/64) #

All four surface orders derive from [FP _ F [PP P DP/PP]]:

The key distinction is WHAT moves (DP → postP; PP/R-pronoun → circumP), not whether F is overt. See MovedConstituent.

Cross-references #

source
inductive BroekhuisCorver2026.PPSurfaceOrder :
Type

Surface order of P and its complement. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §6, ex. 62/64: all four derive from the same underlying structure [FP _ F [PP P DP/PP]].

Instances For
    source
    @[implicit_reducible]
    instance BroekhuisCorver2026.instDecidableEqPPSurfaceOrder :
    DecidableEq PPSurfaceOrder
    Equations
    source
    def BroekhuisCorver2026.instReprPPSurfaceOrder.repr :
    PPSurfaceOrder → ℕ → Std.Format
    Equations
    • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
    Instances For
      source
      @[implicit_reducible]
      instance BroekhuisCorver2026.instReprPPSurfaceOrder :
      Repr PPSurfaceOrder
      Equations
      source
      inductive BroekhuisCorver2026.MovedConstituent :
      Type

      What constituent moves to Spec,FP to produce a non-canonical order. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §6 ex. 64: the crucial distinction is WHAT moves — DP yields postP, PP/R-pronoun yields circumP.

      Instances For
        source
        @[implicit_reducible]
        instance BroekhuisCorver2026.instDecidableEqMovedConstituent :
        DecidableEq MovedConstituent
        Equations
        source
        def BroekhuisCorver2026.instReprMovedConstituent.repr :
        MovedConstituent → ℕ → Std.Format
        Equations
        • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
        Instances For
          source
          @[implicit_reducible]
          instance BroekhuisCorver2026.instReprMovedConstituent :
          Repr MovedConstituent
          Equations
          source
          def BroekhuisCorver2026.deriveSurfaceOrder :
          MovedConstituent → PPSurfaceOrder

          Derive surface order from what moved. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §6, ex. 64:

          • a. PrePP (default): [FP _ F [P DP]]
          • b. PostP (semantically conditioned): [FP DPᵢ F [P tᵢ]]
          • c. CircumP (default for PP compl): [FP PPᵢ/R-pronᵢ F [P tᵢ]]
          Equations
          Instances For
            source
            theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.preP_no_movement :
            deriveSurfaceOrder MovedConstituent.noMovement = PPSurfaceOrder.preP

            PreP = no movement (default).

            source
            theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.postP_dp_movement :
            deriveSurfaceOrder MovedConstituent.dpToSpecFP = PPSurfaceOrder.postP

            PostP = DP to Spec,FP (semantically conditioned — directional).

            source
            theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.circumP_pp_movement :
            deriveSurfaceOrder MovedConstituent.ppToSpecFP = PPSurfaceOrder.circumP

            CircumP = PP/R-pronoun to Spec,FP (default for PP complements).

            source
            theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.intransP_no_complement :
            deriveSurfaceOrder MovedConstituent.noComplement = PPSurfaceOrder.intransP

            Intransitive = no complement projected.

            source
            def BroekhuisCorver2026.availableOrders (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
            List PPSurfaceOrder

            Derive available surface orders from an adposition's distributional properties.

            Equations
            • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
            Instances For

              @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §2.2 (p.9): "it seems that postPs and circumPs differ from prePs in that they are incapable of selecting adjectival or clausal complements."

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.postP_no_adjectival (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.postPOk = true → (a.complTypes.all fun (x : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType) => x != Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType.adjectival) = true

              No postP-capable adposition takes adjectival complements.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.postP_no_clausal (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.postPOk = true → (a.complTypes.all fun (x : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType) => x != Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType.clausal) = true

              No postP-capable adposition takes clausal complements.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.circumP_no_adjectival (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.circumPart.isSome = true → (a.complTypes.all fun (x : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType) => x != Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType.adjectival) = true

              No circumP-capable adposition takes adjectival complements.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.circumP_no_clausal (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.circumPart.isSome = true → (a.complTypes.all fun (x : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType) => x != Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType.clausal) = true

              No circumP-capable adposition takes clausal complements.

              The locational/directional distinction maps onto the Place/Path cartographic heads in the Extended Projection framework. Locational PPs are [PlaceP Place [PP P DP]] (truncated EP); directional PPs add PathP: [PathP Path [PlaceP Place [PP P DP]]] (full adpositional EP).

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.locational_is_truncated_ep :
              Minimalist.isTruncated Minimalist.locationalPP = true

              Locational PPs correspond to truncated adpositional EPs.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.directional_is_full_ep :
              Minimalist.allCategoryConsistent Minimalist.directionalPP = true ∧ Minimalist.allFMonotone Minimalist.directionalPP = true

              Directional PPs correspond to full adpositional EPs.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.place_path_inherit_cat_features :
              Minimalist.catFeatures Minimalist.Cat.Place = Minimalist.catFeatures Minimalist.Cat.P ∧ Minimalist.catFeatures Minimalist.Cat.Path = Minimalist.catFeatures Minimalist.Cat.P

              Place and Path inherit [-V, -N] from P.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.place_path_family :
              Minimalist.catFamily Minimalist.Cat.Place = Minimalist.CatFamily.adpositional ∧ Minimalist.catFamily Minimalist.Cat.Path = Minimalist.CatFamily.adpositional

              Place and Path are in the adpositional family.

              @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §2.2 ex. 22: directional de heuvel op takes zijn (be), locational op de heuvel takes hebben (have). This connects through PathShape → telicity → unaccusativity → auxiliary selection.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.directional_adpositions_have_pathShape (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.directional = true → a.pathShape.isSome = true

              All directional adpositions in the inventory carry a PathShape.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.postP_implies_directional (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.postPOk = true → a.directional = true

              PostP-capable adpositions are directional (and locational).

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.postP_has_pathShape (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
              a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.postPOk = true → a.pathShape.isSome = true

              PostP-capable adpositions have a PathShape.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.op_bounded_telic :
              Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.op.pathShape = some Semantics.Spatial.Path.PathShape.bounded ∧ Semantics.Spatial.Trace.pathShapeToTelicity Semantics.Spatial.Path.PathShape.bounded = Features.Telicity.telic

              End-to-end chain for op: directional → bounded path → telic. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §2.2 ex. 22: De fietser is de heuvel op gereden "The cyclist rode onto the hill" — zijn (be) because directional postP op denotes a bounded path, which is telic.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.telic_unaccusative_zijn :
              Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.Selection.canonicalSelection Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.Selection.TransitivityClass.unaccusative = Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.Selection.PerfectAux.be ∧ Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.Selection.dutchAankomen.selectionRule = Phenomena.AuxiliaryVerbs.Selection.SelectionRule.split

              End-to-end: telic → unaccusative → zijn (be) in Dutch. Dutch has a split auxiliary system; unaccusative (telic change-of-state) verbs select zijn, matching @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026}'s ex. 22.

              source
              theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.op_van_both_telic :
              Semantics.Spatial.Trace.pathShapeToTelicity Semantics.Spatial.Path.PathShape.bounded = Features.Telicity.telic ∧ Semantics.Spatial.Trace.pathShapeToTelicity Semantics.Spatial.Path.PathShape.source = Features.Telicity.telic

              op (bounded) vs van (source): distinct PathShapes but both telic. Goal-oriented and origin-oriented directionality both yield telic VPs.

              @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §5.2: Dutch resists P-stranding for DP complements (ex. 53: ✱Janᵢ heeft Els niet [PP op tᵢ] gewacht), but allows R-pronoun extraction (ex. 54: Daar <op> heeft Els niet <op> gewacht) and postPP complement extraction (ex. 58b-c).

              This three-way extraction asymmetry follows from the movement analysis:
- PrePPs: DP is in base position (complement of P) → extraction blocked
- R-pronouns: already PP-internally moved → can be further extracted
- PostPPs: DP is in Spec,FP → higher position → extraction possible
              source
              inductive BroekhuisCorver2026.PPExtractionType :
              Type

              Extraction possibility from different PP types.

              Instances For
                source
                @[implicit_reducible]
                instance BroekhuisCorver2026.instDecidableEqPPExtractionType :
                DecidableEq PPExtractionType
                Equations
                source
                @[implicit_reducible]
                instance BroekhuisCorver2026.instReprPPExtractionType :
                Repr PPExtractionType
                Equations
                source
                def BroekhuisCorver2026.instReprPPExtractionType.repr :
                PPExtractionType → ℕ → Std.Format
                Equations
                • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
                Instances For
                  source
                  def BroekhuisCorver2026.extractionOk :
                  PPExtractionType → Bool

                  Whether extraction is possible for each PP type.

                  Equations
                  Instances For
                    source
                    theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.no_p_stranding :
                    extractionOk PPExtractionType.dpFromPrePP = false

                    P-stranding is blocked for DP complements of prePPs.

                    source
                    theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.r_pronoun_extraction_ok :
                    extractionOk PPExtractionType.rPronFromPrePP = true

                    R-pronouns can be extracted from prePPs.

                    source
                    theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.postPP_extraction_ok :
                    extractionOk PPExtractionType.dpFromPostPP = true

                    Complement extraction from postPPs is possible.

                    source
                    theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.extraction_asymmetry :
                    extractionOk PPExtractionType.dpFromPrePP = false ∧ extractionOk PPExtractionType.dpFromPostPP = true

                    The extraction asymmetry: prePP blocks DP extraction but postPP allows it. This follows from the movement analysis — in postPPs the DP is already in Spec,FP (a higher, extraction-friendly position).

                    source
                    theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.no_rPron_not_postP (a : Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition) :
                    a ∈ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions → a.rPronOk = false → a.postPOk = false

                    R-pronominalization-blocking Ps cannot be postPs. Complex Ps lack the internal functional structure needed for complement movement.

                    Dutch is classified as a preposition language in WALS (F85A). This is consistent with @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026}'s analysis: the base order is always P-DP (preP); postP/circumP are derived by movement, not by a different head-direction parameter.

                    source
                    theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.dutch_wals_prepositions :
                    Typology.Adposition.AdpositionOrder.ofWALS "nld" = Typology.Adposition.AdpositionOrder.prepositional

                    Dutch is classified as prepositional in WALS Ch 85, via the substrate Typology.Adposition.AdpositionOrder.ofWALS lookup (Dutch ISO 639-3 = nld; the WALS-internal code is dut).

                    @cite{dendikken-1995} analyzes verbal particles as P heads of small clauses. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026}'s intransitive adpositions include the same elements: op, in, uit, af, etc.

                    source
                    def BroekhuisCorver2026.intransitivePs :
                    List Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition

                    The intransitive adpositions from the fragment.

                    Equations
                    Instances For
                      source
                      theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.af_only_intransitive :
                      Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.af.prePOk = false ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.af.postPOk = false ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.af.intransOk = true

                      af is exclusively intransitive (circumP second element / particle).

                      source
                      theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.pvc_predCat_is_P :
                      ⋯ = ⋯

                      @cite{dendikken-1995} PVC predicate category is P — matching the category of intransitive adpositions in the fragment.

                      @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §2.1 ex. 19–20: simplex prePs allow R-pronominalization (er op, daar in), but morphologically complex prePs (tijdens, ondanks, zonder) resist it.

                      source
                      theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.simplex_spatial_rPron :
                      Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.op.rPronOk = true ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.in_.rPronOk = true ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.naar.rPronOk = true ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.van.rPronOk = true ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.uit.rPronOk = true

                      Simplex spatial Ps allow R-pronominalization.

                      source
                      theorem BroekhuisCorver2026.complex_no_rPron :
                      Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tijdens.rPronOk = false ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.ondanks.rPronOk = false ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.zonder.rPronOk = false

                      Complex Ps block R-pronominalization.