Beavers & Koontz-Garboden (2020): The Roots of Verbal Meaning

@cite{beavers-koontz-garboden-2020} @cite{rappaport-hovav-levin-2010}

Six representative roots illustrating the four-feature typology of @cite{beavers-koontz-garboden-2020}, and falsifying both the Bifurcation Thesis of Roots and Manner/Result Complementarity (@cite{rappaport-hovav-levin-2010}).

Root	state	manner	result	cause	violates B?	M ∧ R?
√flat	✓
√jog		✓
√blossom			✓		✓
√crack			✓	✓
√hand	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
√eat		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

The B-violation column flags ontological + eventive overlap. √hand and √eat additionally violate Manner/Result Complementarity. (√blossom is listed by B&K-G as eventive-only result; that is sufficient on its own to falsify the strongest form of Bifurcation, since result is template content under that thesis.)

This file is the Phase A vertical slice of a larger refactor that will re-derive Levin classes (English) and Bohnemeyer's verb-stem classes (Yukatek) as orbits under per-language derivational operators.

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.flat : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

√flat — pure state (-manner, -result, -cause).

Equations

• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.flat = { name := "flat", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.hasState "flat"] }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.jog : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

√jog — pure manner of motion.

Equations

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.blossom : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

√blossom — spontaneous result with no specified manner or cause (an "internally caused" change of state).

Equations

• Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.blossom = { name := "blossom", entailments := [Semantics.Lexical.Roots.LexEntailment.becomesState "flowering"] }

def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.crack : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

√crack — caused result without specified manner.

Equations

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.hand : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

√hand — full feature load: state, manner, result, cause. Falsifies both the Bifurcation Thesis and Manner/Result Complementarity (@cite{beavers-koontz-garboden-2020} ch. 5).

Equations

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def Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.eat : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root

√eat — manner + result + cause. The Yukatek haan "eat" case: classified as inactive (state-change) yet internally caused, an awkward exception under simpler frameworks.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.flat_signature : flat.featureSignature = { state := true, manner := false, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.jog_signature : jog.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := false, cause := false }

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.blossom_signature : blossom.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := false }

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.crack_signature : crack.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := false, result := true, cause := true }

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.hand_signature : hand.featureSignature = { state := true, manner := true, result := true, cause := true }

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.eat_signature : eat.featureSignature = { state := false, manner := true, result := true, cause := true }

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.hand_violates_bifurcation : hand.ViolatesBifurcation

√hand carries both ontological (state, manner) and eventive (result, cause) entailments — a structural counterexample to the Bifurcation Thesis of Roots.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.eat_violates_bifurcation : eat.ViolatesBifurcation

√eat is a second counterexample: manner and result+cause.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.bifurcation_thesis_false : ¬∀ (r : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root), r.RespectsBifurcation

The universal closure of the Bifurcation Thesis is false.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.hand_has_manner_and_result : hand.HasMannerAndResult

√hand entails both manner ("by-hand-transfer") AND result ("possessed") — a counterexample to Manner/Result Complementarity (@cite{rappaport-hovav-levin-2010}).

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.eat_has_manner_and_result : eat.HasMannerAndResult

√eat is a second counterexample: manner ("consumption") + result ("consumed").

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.manner_result_complementarity_false : ¬∀ (r : Semantics.Lexical.Roots.Root), r.RespectsMannerResultComplementarity

The universal closure of Manner/Result Complementarity is false.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.pure_ontological_respects_bifurcation : flat.RespectsBifurcation ∧ jog.RespectsBifurcation

√flat (pure state) and √jog (pure manner) respect Bifurcation.

theorem Phenomena.ArgumentStructure.Studies.BeaversKoontzGarboden2020.crack_respects_manner_result : crack.RespectsMannerResultComplementarity

√crack (result + cause, no manner or state) respects Manner/Result Complementarity.