Turkish Possessive Constructions

[Sta09b] [Nic86] [Hei97]

Turkish (Altaic) derives its primary have-construction from the Genitive Schema ("X's Y exists" → "X has Y"). The construction consists of:

1. Possessor in genitive case (-(n)In)
2. Possessum with possessive agreement suffix (-(s)I)
3. Existential predicate var 'existent' (or yok 'non-existent')

Turkish also has a Goal Schema variant using dative (-A) with existential var, and the Equation Schema for belong-constructions.

Per-language possession defs for Turkish (ISO tur). Substrate enums live in Linglib/Features/Possession.lean. Heine 1997 prediction verification for Turkish lives in Studies/Heine1997.lean.

Examples

• Hasan-ın inek-i var. 'Hasan has a cow.' (Hasan-GEN cow-POSS existent)
• Bende kitap var. 'I have a book.' (at-me book existent; Location variant)
• Kitab-ım var. 'I have a book.' (book-POSS.1SG existent; Genitive)

def Turkish.Possession.sourceSchema : Possession.Source

Turkish uses the Genitive Schema for its primary have-construction: GEN-possessor + POSS-possessum + var/yok.

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.sourceSchema = Possession.Source.genitive

def Turkish.Possession.predicativeStrategy : Possession.PredicativeStrategy

Turkish's predicative strategy is genitive/dative (the possessor is marked with genitive case, the predicate is a non-verbal existential).

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.predicativeStrategy = Possession.PredicativeStrategy.genitive

inductive Turkish.Possession.PossPerson : Type

Turkish possessive suffix paradigm. These suffixes appear on the possessum and agree with the possessor in person and number.

• first : PossPerson
• second : PossPerson
• third : PossPerson

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossPerson : DecidableEq PossPerson

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson.repr : PossPerson → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson : Repr PossPerson

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson = { reprPrec := Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson.repr }

inductive Turkish.Possession.PossNumber : Type

• sg : PossNumber
• pl : PossNumber

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossNumber : DecidableEq PossNumber

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossNumber x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber.repr : PossNumber → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber : Repr PossNumber

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber = { reprPrec := Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber.repr }

def Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.toNumber : PossNumber → Number

The possessive paradigm's number dimension, canonically.

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.sg.toNumber = Number.singular
• Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.pl.toNumber = Number.plural

def Turkish.Possession.possSuffix : PossPerson → PossNumber → String

Possessive suffix forms (after consonant-final stems).

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.possSuffix Turkish.Possession.PossPerson.first Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.sg = "-(I)m"
• Turkish.Possession.possSuffix Turkish.Possession.PossPerson.second Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.sg = "-(I)n"
• Turkish.Possession.possSuffix Turkish.Possession.PossPerson.third Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.sg = "-(s)I"
• Turkish.Possession.possSuffix Turkish.Possession.PossPerson.first Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.pl = "-(I)mIz"
• Turkish.Possession.possSuffix Turkish.Possession.PossPerson.second Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.pl = "-(I)nIz"
• Turkish.Possession.possSuffix Turkish.Possession.PossPerson.third Turkish.Possession.PossNumber.pl = "-lArI"

inductive Turkish.Possession.ExistPred : Type

The existential predicate in Turkish possessive constructions.

• var : ExistPred

  var 'existent, there is' — affirmative possession

• yok : ExistPred

  yok 'non-existent, there is not' — negative possession

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqExistPred : DecidableEq ExistPred

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqExistPred x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred.repr : ExistPred → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred : Repr ExistPred

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred = { reprPrec := Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred.repr }

def Turkish.Possession.existPredIsNonVerbal : Bool

var/yok is not a verb — it is a non-verbal predicate that takes no tense/aspect morphology in the base form. This is characteristic of non-lexical predicate nuclei in [Hei97]'s Genitive Schema.

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.existPredIsNonVerbal = true

def Turkish.Possession.locationVariant : Possession.Source

Turkish also has a Location Schema variant where the possessor takes locative case (-DA) instead of genitive. This variant tends toward physical/temporary possession readings.

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.locationVariant = Possession.Source.location

def Turkish.Possession.belongSchema : Possession.Source

Turkish uses the Equation Schema for belong-constructions with genitive predicates: Kitap Hasan-ın. 'The book is Hasan's.'

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.belongSchema = Possession.Source.equation

def Turkish.Possession.attestedSchemas : List Possession.Source

Turkish exhibits three schemas, as [Hei97] predicts is common for languages that draw on Existence sub-schemas.

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.attestedSchemas = [Turkish.Possession.sourceSchema, Turkish.Possession.locationVariant, Turkish.Possession.belongSchema]

theorem Turkish.Possession.three_schemas : attestedSchemas.length = 3

def Turkish.Possession.genitiveNotions : List Possession.Notion

The Genitive Schema in Turkish is used for permanent, inalienable, and abstract possession. Physical/temporary possession is expressed by the Location Schema variant with locative case. This matches [Hei97]'s generalizations: Existence schemas correlate with permanent/inalienable notions; Location with physical/temporary.

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.genitiveNotions = [Possession.Notion.permanent, Possession.Notion.inalienable, Possession.Notion.abstract]

def Turkish.Possession.locationNotions : List Possession.Notion

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.locationNotions = [Possession.Notion.physical, Possession.Notion.temporary]

theorem Turkish.Possession.genitive_not_physical : ¬genitiveNotions.contains Possession.Notion.physical = true

Genitive Schema does not express physical possession in Turkish.

theorem Turkish.Possession.location_not_inalienable : ¬locationNotions.contains Possession.Notion.inalienable = true

Location Schema does not express inalienable possession in Turkish.

def Turkish.Possession.obligatoryPossession : Possession.Obligatoriness

Obligatory possessive inflection (the -(s)I suffix on the possessum).

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.obligatoryPossession = Possession.Obligatoriness.exists_

def Turkish.Possession.possessiveClassification : Possession.Classification

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.possessiveClassification = Possession.Classification.noClassification

def Turkish.Possession.adnominalStrategy : Possession.AdnominalMarking

GEN on possessor + possessive suffix on the head (Ali-nin kitab-i).

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.adnominalStrategy = Possession.AdnominalMarking.doubleMarking

def Turkish.Possession.affixPosition : Option Possession.AffixPosition

Equations

• Turkish.Possession.affixPosition = some Possession.AffixPosition.suffixes