Tigrinya phonology

This file defines the 32 consonants and seven vowels of Tigrinya, as in PHOIBLE's inventory 1350, as segments named by their IPA symbols, with feature values from the PHOIBLE chart, and the verbal roots of [FL26]'s paradigms as roots of those segments. The inventory also lists the geminates, which are not further phonemes here. The vowels are six full qualities and the weak [ɨ], which occurs only where its absence would leave an impossible cluster.

Main definitions

• b, cʼ, …, ʕ: the consonants, and consonants, the set of them.
• a, e, …, ʌ: the vowels, and vowels, the set of them.

Main results

• tir_phonemes_map: the consonants and vowels are the segments of inventory 1350's phonemes other than the geminates.

References

• [MMcC19]
• [Les41]
• [Ber91]
• [Den90]
• [Buc94]
• [FL26]

def Tigrinya.Phonology.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«cʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The palatal ejective /cʼ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«cʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«cʼ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar stop /d/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«d̠ʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar affricate /d̠ʒ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«d̠ʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«d̠ʒ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.f : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless labiodental fricative /f/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.f = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.f

def Tigrinya.Phonology.h : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless glottal fricative /h/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.h = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.h

def Tigrinya.Phonology.j : Phonology.Segment

The palatal glide /j/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Tigrinya.Phonology.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Tigrinya.Phonology.l : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar lateral /l/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Tigrinya.Phonology.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Tigrinya.Phonology.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Tigrinya.Phonology.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«pʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial ejective /pʼ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«pʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«pʼ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.q : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless uvular stop /q/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.q = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.q

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«qʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The uvular ejective /qʼ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«qʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«qʼ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«sʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar ejective fricative /sʼ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«sʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«sʼ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«tʼ» : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar ejective /tʼ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«tʼ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«tʼ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«t̠ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar affricate /t̠ʃ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«t̠ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«t̠ʃ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.v : Phonology.Segment

The voiced labiodental fricative /v/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.v = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.v

def Tigrinya.Phonology.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Tigrinya.Phonology.x : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar fricative /x/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.x = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.x

def Tigrinya.Phonology.z : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.z = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.z

def Tigrinya.Phonology.ħ : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless pharyngeal fricative /ħ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.ħ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ħ

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɡ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /ɡ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɡ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɲ» : Phonology.Segment

The palatal nasal /ɲ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɲ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɲ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ» : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar tap /ɾ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɾ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʃ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʃ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʃ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʒ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʒ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʒ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʔ» : Phonology.Segment

The glottal stop /ʔ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʔ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʔ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʕ» : Phonology.Segment

The voiced pharyngeal fricative /ʕ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʕ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʕ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.consonants : Finset Phonology.Segment

The consonants of Tigrinya.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Tigrinya.Phonology.a : Phonology.Segment

The open front vowel /a/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Tigrinya.Phonology.e : Phonology.Segment

The close-mid front vowel /e/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.e = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.e

def Tigrinya.Phonology.i : Phonology.Segment

The close front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Tigrinya.Phonology.o : Phonology.Segment

The close-mid back vowel /o/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Tigrinya.Phonology.u : Phonology.Segment

The close back vowel /u/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɨ» : Phonology.Segment

The close central vowel, the weak vowel /ɨ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɨ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɨ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʌ» : Phonology.Segment

The open-mid back unrounded vowel /ʌ/.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʌ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʌ»

def Tigrinya.Phonology.vowels : Finset Phonology.Segment

The vowels of Tigrinya.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Tigrinya.Phonology.tir_phonemes_map : List.map (fun (x : Data.PHOIBLE.Phoneme) => Phonology.Segment.ofChart x.features) (List.filter (fun (x : Data.PHOIBLE.Phoneme) => decide (x.features Data.PHOIBLE.Feature.long ≠ some true)) Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Tigrinya.tir.phonemes) = have y := have y := have y := [i, o, u, «ɨ», «ʌ»]; «ʒ» :: «ʔ» :: «ʕ» :: a :: e :: y; have y := ħ :: «ɡ» :: «ɲ» :: «ɾ» :: «ʃ» :: y; «t̠ʃ» :: v :: w :: x :: z :: y; have y := have y := «qʼ» :: s :: «sʼ» :: t :: «tʼ» :: y; m :: n :: p :: «pʼ» :: q :: y; have y := f :: h :: j :: k :: l :: y; b :: «cʼ» :: d :: «d̠ʒ» :: y

The consonants and vowels, in the order of PHOIBLE's inventory 1350, are the segments of its phonemes other than the geminates, which are [+long].

Verbal roots

def Tigrinya.Phonology.whip : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√grf 'whip' gives [gʌrʌf-] DEP.PRF, [gʌrif-] PRF, [-gʌrrɨf] IMPRF.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.whip = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɡ», Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ», Tigrinya.Phonology.f] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.hear : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√smʕ 'hear' gives [sʌmaʕ-] DEP.PRF, [sʌmiʕ-] PRF, [-sʌmmɨʕ] IMPRF, [sɨmaʕ] IMP.M.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.hear = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.s, Tigrinya.Phonology.m, Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʕ»] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.arrest : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√ʔsr 'arrest' gives [ʔasʌr-] DEP.PRF, [ʔasir-] PRF, [-ʔassɨr] IMPRF.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.arrest = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʔ», Tigrinya.Phonology.s, Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ»] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.pull : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√sħb 'pull' gives [saħab-] DEP.PRF, [siħib-] PRF, [-sɨħɨb] IMPRF.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.pull = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.s, Tigrinya.Phonology.ħ, Tigrinya.Phonology.b] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.teach : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√mhr 'teach' gives [mahar] IMP.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.teach = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.m, Tigrinya.Phonology.h, Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ»] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.slaughter : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√ħrd 'slaughter' gives [ta-ħarrɨd] 2-IMPRF.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.slaughter = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.ħ, Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ», Tigrinya.Phonology.d] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.escape : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√ħdm 'escape' gives [ta-ħadɨm] 2-IMPRF.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.escape = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.ħ, Tigrinya.Phonology.d, Tigrinya.Phonology.m] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.ask : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√sʔl 'ask' gives [saʔal] IMP.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.ask = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.s, Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʔ», Tigrinya.Phonology.l] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.uncover : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√glh 'uncover' gives [gɨlah] IMP.M, [gɨlh-i] IMP-F, [mɨ-glah] GER.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.uncover = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɡ», Tigrinya.Phonology.l, Tigrinya.Phonology.h] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.bark : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√nbħ 'bark' gives [nɨβaħ] IMP.M, [nɨbħ-i] IMP-F, [mɨ-nbaħ] GER.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.bark = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.n, Tigrinya.Phonology.b, Tigrinya.Phonology.ħ] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.hurt : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√bdl 'hurt', a type B verb with medial gemination throughout, gives [bʌddʌl-ʌ] DEP.PRF-3MSG and [mɨ-bɨddal] GER.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.hurt = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.b, Tigrinya.Phonology.d, Tigrinya.Phonology.l] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.bless : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√brk 'bless', a type C verb with [a] after the first radical throughout, gives [barʌk-ʌ] DEP.PRF-3MSG and [mɨ-bɨrak] GER.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.bless = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.b, Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ», Tigrinya.Phonology.k] }

def Tigrinya.Phonology.arf : Morphology.ConsonantalRoot Phonology.Segment

√ʕrf, unglossed in [FL26], gives [ʕarifu] PRF-3MSG, [ʕɨrʌf] IMP and [ʕarʌf-] DEP.PRF.

Equations

• Tigrinya.Phonology.arf = { segments := [Tigrinya.Phonology.«ʕ», Tigrinya.Phonology.«ɾ», Tigrinya.Phonology.f] }