Tagalog phonology

This file defines the segments of Tagalog and the two outcomes of a prefix that ends in a nasal, such as maŋ- and paŋ-, before a stem.

The nasal is a velar /ŋ/. Before a nasal, a glide or h it is unchanged, as in paŋmarká, and before another consonant it takes that consonant's place, as in pantabój and panlabás. Before an obstruent there is a second outcome, nasal substitution, in which the nasal and the obstruent surface as one nasal at the obstruent's place, as in mamigáj from bigáj. Which stems substitute is lexical and variable, which is the matter of the studies of Zuraw, of Zuraw and Hayes and of Magri.

Main definitions

• consonants, vowels: the phonemes of Zuraw's inventory.
• assimilate: a nasal takes the place of a following non-nasal consonant.
• cluster, substituted: a prefix in ŋ attached to a stem, with assimilation alone and with substitution of the stem-initial segment.

Main results

• subset_tgl: the phonemes are those of PHOIBLE's Tagalog inventory.
• substitute_eq: each obstruent substitutes to the nasal of its place, and the glottal stop to the velar nasal.
• cluster_of_not_trigger: the prefix nasal is unchanged before a nasal, a glide or h.

References

• K. Zuraw, A model of lexical variation and the grammar with application to Tagalog nasal substitution (2010)
• [ZH17]
• [Mag25]
• S. Moran and D. McCloy, PHOIBLE 2.0

Segments

def Tagalog.p : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless bilabial stop /p/.

Equations

• Tagalog.p = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.p

def Tagalog.t : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar stop /t/.

Equations

• Tagalog.t = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.t

def Tagalog.k : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless velar stop /k/.

Equations

• Tagalog.k = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.k

def Tagalog.«ʔ» : Phonology.Segment

The glottal stop /ʔ/.

Equations

• Tagalog.«ʔ» = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ʔ»

def Tagalog.b : Phonology.Segment

The voiced bilabial stop /b/.

Equations

• Tagalog.b = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.b

def Tagalog.d : Phonology.Segment

The voiced alveolar stop /d/.

Equations

• Tagalog.d = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.d

def Tagalog.g : Phonology.Segment

The voiced velar stop /g/, the IPA glyph ɡ in the chart.

Equations

• Tagalog.g = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.«ɡ»

def Tagalog.s : Phonology.Segment

The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/.

Equations

• Tagalog.s = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.s

def Tagalog.h : Phonology.Segment

The glottal fricative /h/.

Equations

• Tagalog.h = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.h

def Tagalog.m : Phonology.Segment

The bilabial nasal /m/.

Equations

• Tagalog.m = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.m

def Tagalog.n : Phonology.Segment

The alveolar nasal /n/.

Equations

• Tagalog.n = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.n

def Tagalog.ŋ : Phonology.Segment

The velar nasal /ŋ/.

Equations

• Tagalog.ŋ = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.ŋ

def Tagalog.l : Phonology.Segment

The lateral /l/.

Equations

• Tagalog.l = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.l

def Tagalog.r : Phonology.Segment

The rhotic /r/.

Equations

• Tagalog.r = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.r

def Tagalog.w : Phonology.Segment

The labial-velar glide /w/.

Equations

• Tagalog.w = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.w

def Tagalog.j : Phonology.Segment

The palatal glide /j/.

Equations

• Tagalog.j = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.j

def Tagalog.i : Phonology.Segment

The high front vowel /i/.

Equations

• Tagalog.i = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.i

def Tagalog.e : Phonology.Segment

The mid front vowel /e/.

Equations

• Tagalog.e = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.e

def Tagalog.a : Phonology.Segment

The low vowel /a/.

Equations

• Tagalog.a = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.a

def Tagalog.o : Phonology.Segment

The mid back vowel /o/.

Equations

• Tagalog.o = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.o

def Tagalog.u : Phonology.Segment

The high back vowel /u/.

Equations

• Tagalog.u = Phonology.Segment.ofChart Data.PHOIBLE.FeatureMatrix.u

def Tagalog.consonants : Finset Phonology.Segment

The consonants, pairwise distinct.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Tagalog.vowels : Finset Phonology.Segment

The vowels, pairwise distinct.

Equations

• Tagalog.vowels = { val := ↑[Tagalog.i, Tagalog.e, Tagalog.a, Tagalog.o, Tagalog.u], nodup := Tagalog.vowels._proof_1 }

theorem Tagalog.subset_tgl : consonants ∪ vowels ⊆ Data.PHOIBLE.Inventories.Tagalog.tgl.segments

The phonemes are segments of PHOIBLE's Tagalog inventory.

The prefix nasal

def Tagalog.trigger : Phonology.Segment

The consonants that a preceding nasal assimilates to, which are those that are not nasals. The glides and h are not consonantal.

Equations

• Tagalog.trigger = Phonology.Segment.ofSpecs [(Phonology.Feature.consonantal, true), (Phonology.Feature.nasal, false)]

def Tagalog.assimilate : List Phonology.Segment → List Phonology.Segment

assimilate w is the word w with each nasal assimilated to a following non-nasal consonant.

Equations

• Tagalog.assimilate = Phonology.NasalSubstitution.assimilate Tagalog.trigger Tagalog.ŋ

def Tagalog.substitute : Phonology.Segment → List Phonology.Segment

substitute x is the nasal that the prefix nasal and a stem-initial x surface as under substitution.

Equations

• Tagalog.substitute = Phonology.NasalSubstitution.substitute Tagalog.trigger Tagalog.ŋ

def Tagalog.cluster (pre : List Phonology.Segment) : List Phonology.Segment → List Phonology.Segment

cluster pre stem attaches the prefix that consists of pre and the nasal to stem, with assimilation of the nasal to the stem-initial segment alone.

Equations

• Tagalog.cluster pre [] = pre ++ [Tagalog.ŋ]
• Tagalog.cluster pre (x_1 :: rest) = pre ++ Tagalog.assimilate [Tagalog.ŋ, x_1] ++ rest

def Tagalog.substituted (pre : List Phonology.Segment) : List Phonology.Segment → List Phonology.Segment

substituted pre stem attaches the prefix that consists of pre and the nasal to stem, with substitution of the stem-initial segment.

Equations

• Tagalog.substituted pre [] = pre ++ [Tagalog.ŋ]
• Tagalog.substituted pre (x_1 :: rest) = pre ++ Tagalog.substitute x_1 ++ rest

theorem Tagalog.substitute_eq : substitute p = [m] ∧ substitute b = [m] ∧ substitute t = [n] ∧ substitute d = [n] ∧ substitute s = [n] ∧ substitute k = [ŋ] ∧ substitute g = [ŋ] ∧ substitute «ʔ» = [ŋ]

Each obstruent substitutes to the nasal of its place, and the glottal stop, which has no place, to the velar nasal.

theorem Tagalog.cluster_of_not_trigger (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ consonants ∪ vowels → ¬trigger ≤ x → cluster [] [x] = [ŋ, x]

The prefix nasal is unchanged before a nasal, a glide, h or a vowel.

theorem Tagalog.cluster_head_mem (x : Phonology.Segment) : x ∈ consonants → ∀ N ∈ (cluster [] [x]).head?, N ∈ {m, n, ŋ}

The prefix nasal is a phoneme before every consonant, the nasal of the consonant's place before an oral consonant and the velar nasal otherwise.

Examples

theorem Tagalog.mamigaj : substituted [m, a] [b, i, g, a, j] = [m, a, m, i, g, a, j]

mamigáj 'to distribute' from bigáj, with substitution.

theorem Tagalog.pantaboj : cluster [p, a] [t, a, b, o, j] = [p, a, n, t, a, b, o, j]

pantabój 'to goad' from tabój, with assimilation alone.

theorem Tagalog.pansulat : cluster [p, a] [s, u, l, a, t] = [p, a, n, s, u, l, a, t]

pansúlat 'writing instrument' from súlat, with an alveolar nasal before s.

theorem Tagalog.panlabas : cluster [p, a] [l, a, b, a, s] = [p, a, n, l, a, b, a, s]

panlabás 'external' from labás, with assimilation to the lateral.

theorem Tagalog.mangulol : substituted [m, a] [«ʔ», u, l, o, l] = [m, a, ŋ, u, l, o, l]

maŋulól 'to fool someone' from ʔulól, with substitution of the glottal stop.

theorem Tagalog.mapangamkam : substituted [m, a, p, a] [k, a, m, k, a, m] = [m, a, p, a, ŋ, a, m, k, a, m] ∧ assimilate [k, a, m, k, a, m] ≠ [k, a, m, k, a, m]

mapaŋamkám 'rapacious' from kamkám. Substitution takes the stem-initial k and leaves the cluster inside the stem, which is not homorganic, so that assimilation is confined to the prefix as well.