Sinhala verbs

A Colloquial Sinhala verb root occurs in a volitive stem, an involitive stem, or both. Involitive stems have front root vowels and the thematic vowel -e- in the present tense, while volitive stems take -a- or -i-. Subjects of volitives tend to be read as volitional, and involitives always convey non-volitionality, unexpectedness to the speaker or ironic denial. A root that requires volition, as minimarannə 'murder' does, has no involitive stem, and a psych verb such as ridennə 'ache' has no volitive one. Some causative roots also have an intransitive inchoative, which is always involitive, as gilannə 'drown' has Nimal giluna 'Nimal drowned'.

The entries are the roots whose anticausatives Beavers and Zubair analyze. An entry is cited by its volitive infinitive, records its involitive infinitive where it has one, and has an intransitive diathesis with the patient as subject when the root has an inchoative.

Implementation notes

Forms are transliterated as printed in Beavers and Zubair, whose PDF text layer drops ə. They give the involitives of kapannə 'cut' and vinaashə-kərannə 'destroy' only in the past, kæpuna and vinaashə-wuna. The infinitives kæpennə and vinaashə-wennə follow their stem formation, in which a compound's volitive -kərə- 'do' pairs with the involitive -we-.

References

• J. Beavers and C. Zubair, Anticausatives in Sinhala: Involitivity and causer suppression (2013)

structure Sinhala.Verbextends Verb : Type

A Sinhala verb is cited by its volitive infinitive and records its involitive infinitive when the root has an involitive stem.

• valency : Valency
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• perfectAuxiliaries : Finset PerfectAuxiliary
• vendlerClass : Option Aspect.VendlerClass
• scaleDimension : Option Degree.ScalarDimension
• scalePolarity : Polarity
• direction : Option Spatial.Path.Direction
• incrementality : Option Aspect.Incrementality
• phasal : Option Aspect.Phasal
• factivity : Option Presupposition.Factivity
• implicative : NaturalLogic.ImplicationSignature
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitude : Option _root_.Attitude
• readings : List Reading
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.Signature
• levinClasses : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• levinExcluded : Finset ArgumentStructure.LevinClass
• root : Semantics.Root
• morphs : List Morphology.Morph
• speechActVerb : Bool
• senseTag : SenseTag
• involitive : Option String

  The involitive infinitive, if the root has an involitive stem.

def Sinhala.Verb.HasInvolitive (v : Verb) : Prop

A verb has an involitive stem when it records an involitive infinitive.

Equations

• v.HasInvolitive = (v.involitive.isSome = true)

@[instance_reducible]

instance Sinhala.instDecidablePredVerbHasInvolitive : DecidablePred Verb.HasInvolitive

Equations

• Sinhala.instDecidablePredVerbHasInvolitive v = Sinhala.instDecidablePredVerbHasInvolitive._aux_1 v

def Sinhala.kadann : Verb

kadannə 'break' has the involitive kædennə and an inchoative, as in Eewa okkomə ibeemə kædenəwa 'They all just break by themselves'.

Equations

• Sinhala.kadann = { valency := Verb.Valency.of [(ArgumentFrame.np, [0, 1]), (ArgumentFrame.intransitive, [1])], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kadannə"], involitive := some "kædennə" }

def Sinhala.gilann : Verb

gilannə 'drown' has the involitive gilennə and an inchoative, as in Nimal giluna 'Nimal drowned'.

Equations

• Sinhala.gilann = { valency := Verb.Valency.of [(ArgumentFrame.np, [0, 1]), (ArgumentFrame.intransitive, [1])], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "gilannə"], involitive := some "gilennə" }

def Sinhala.marann : Verb

marannə 'kill' has the involitive mærennə 'die', which occurs only intransitively, as in Nimal mæruna 'Nimal died'.

Equations

• Sinhala.marann = { valency := Verb.Valency.of [(ArgumentFrame.np, [0, 1]), (ArgumentFrame.intransitive, [1])], morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "marannə"], involitive := some "mærennə" }

def Sinhala.minimarann : Verb

minimarannə 'murder' requires volition and so has neither an involitive stem nor an inchoative.

Equations

• Sinhala.minimarann = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "minimarannə"] }

def Sinhala.kapann : Verb

kapannə 'cut' has an involitive stem, as in Joon atiŋ pan kæpuna 'John cut the bread (accidentally)', but no inchoative.

Equations

• Sinhala.kapann = { valency := Verb.Valency.ofFrame ArgumentFrame.np, morphs := [Morphology.Morph.root "kapannə"], involitive := some "kæpennə" }

def Sinhala.vinaashKarann : Verb

vinaashə-kərannə 'destroy' has the involitive vinaashə-wennə and, unlike English destroy, an inchoative.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Sinhala.verbs : List Verb

The verbs of this file.

Equations

• Sinhala.verbs = [Sinhala.kadann, Sinhala.gilann, Sinhala.marann, Sinhala.minimarann, Sinhala.kapann, Sinhala.vinaashKarann]