Shona: Basic Types

[Car26]

The Shona noun class system with eight singular/plural pairings and semantic core associations following [Car26] §3.5, §5.2.

Shona has fourteen active noun classes (1–14), organized into eight genders. Unlike Xhosa's three-way semantic split ([human]/[inanimate]/[animal]), Shona has a binary split: [human] (classes 1/2) vs everything else. The [animal] association with classes 9/10 has bleached in Shona, leaving only two interpretable genders.

Agreement with conjoined singulars

The only consistent agreement patterns with conjoined singulars are:

• Class 2 va- for [human] conjuncts
• Class 8 zvi- for [non-human] conjuncts

Six of eight genders are uninterpretable, so default agreement dominates. Gender-matching plural agreement is the exception, not the rule ([Car26] §3.5, §5.2).

inductive Shona.NounClass : Type

Shona noun classes. Standard Bantu numbering (1–14). Classes 15–18 are absent or non-productive. Class 11 plurals are syncretic with class 10; class 14 plurals use class 6.

• cl1 : NounClass
• cl2 : NounClass
• cl3 : NounClass
• cl4 : NounClass
• cl5 : NounClass
• cl6 : NounClass
• cl7 : NounClass
• cl8 : NounClass
• cl9 : NounClass
• cl10 : NounClass
• cl11 : NounClass
• cl12 : NounClass
• cl13 : NounClass
• cl14 : NounClass

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Shona.instDecidableEqNounClass : DecidableEq NounClass

Equations

• Shona.instDecidableEqNounClass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Shona.instReprNounClass : Repr NounClass

Equations

• Shona.instReprNounClass = { reprPrec := Shona.instReprNounClass.repr }

def Shona.instReprNounClass.repr : NounClass → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl1 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl1")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl2 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl2")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl3 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl3")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl4 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl4")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl5 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl5")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl6 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl6")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl7 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl7")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl8 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl8")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl9 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl9")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl10 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl10")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl11 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl11")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl12 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl12")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl13 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl13")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprNounClass.repr Shona.NounClass.cl14 prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.NounClass.cl14")).group prec✝

def Shona.NounClass.classNumber : NounClass → ℕ

Equations

• Shona.NounClass.cl1.classNumber = 1
• Shona.NounClass.cl2.classNumber = 2
• Shona.NounClass.cl3.classNumber = 3
• Shona.NounClass.cl4.classNumber = 4
• Shona.NounClass.cl5.classNumber = 5
• Shona.NounClass.cl6.classNumber = 6
• Shona.NounClass.cl7.classNumber = 7
• Shona.NounClass.cl8.classNumber = 8
• Shona.NounClass.cl9.classNumber = 9
• Shona.NounClass.cl10.classNumber = 10
• Shona.NounClass.cl11.classNumber = 11
• Shona.NounClass.cl12.classNumber = 12
• Shona.NounClass.cl13.classNumber = 13
• Shona.NounClass.cl14.classNumber = 14

def Shona.NounClass.isSingular : NounClass → Bool

Equations

• Shona.NounClass.cl1.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl3.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl5.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl7.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl9.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl11.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl12.isSingular = true
• Shona.NounClass.cl14.isSingular = true
• x✝.isSingular = false

def Shona.NounClass.subjPrefix : NounClass → String

Subject marker prefix for each class on the verb. From examples in [Car26] §3.5.

Equations

• Shona.NounClass.cl1.subjPrefix = "a"
• Shona.NounClass.cl2.subjPrefix = "va"
• Shona.NounClass.cl3.subjPrefix = "u"
• Shona.NounClass.cl4.subjPrefix = "i"
• Shona.NounClass.cl5.subjPrefix = "ri"
• Shona.NounClass.cl6.subjPrefix = "a"
• Shona.NounClass.cl7.subjPrefix = "chi"
• Shona.NounClass.cl8.subjPrefix = "zvi"
• Shona.NounClass.cl9.subjPrefix = "i"
• Shona.NounClass.cl10.subjPrefix = "dzi"
• Shona.NounClass.cl11.subjPrefix = "ru"
• Shona.NounClass.cl12.subjPrefix = "ka"
• Shona.NounClass.cl13.subjPrefix = "tu"
• Shona.NounClass.cl14.subjPrefix = "hu"

inductive Shona.Gender : Type

Shona genders: eight singular/plural noun class pairings. From [Car26] (16).

• genderA : Gender
• genderB : Gender
• genderC : Gender
• genderD : Gender
• genderE : Gender
• genderF : Gender
• genderG : Gender
• genderH : Gender

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Shona.instDecidableEqGender : DecidableEq Gender

Equations

• Shona.instDecidableEqGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Shona.instReprGender : Repr Gender

Equations

• Shona.instReprGender = { reprPrec := Shona.instReprGender.repr }

def Shona.instReprGender.repr : Gender → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderA prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderA")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderB prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderB")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderC prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderC")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderD prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderD")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderE prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderE")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderF prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderF")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderG prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderG")).group prec✝
• Shona.instReprGender.repr Shona.Gender.genderH prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Shona.Gender.genderH")).group prec✝

def Shona.Gender.singularClass : Gender → NounClass

Equations

• Shona.Gender.genderA.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl1
• Shona.Gender.genderB.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl3
• Shona.Gender.genderC.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl5
• Shona.Gender.genderD.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl7
• Shona.Gender.genderE.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl9
• Shona.Gender.genderF.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl11
• Shona.Gender.genderG.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl14
• Shona.Gender.genderH.singularClass = Shona.NounClass.cl12

def Shona.Gender.pluralClass : Gender → NounClass

Equations

• Shona.Gender.genderA.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl2
• Shona.Gender.genderB.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl4
• Shona.Gender.genderC.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl6
• Shona.Gender.genderD.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl8
• Shona.Gender.genderE.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl10
• Shona.Gender.genderF.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl10
• Shona.Gender.genderG.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl6
• Shona.Gender.genderH.pluralClass = Shona.NounClass.cl13

def Shona.Gender.status : Gender → Bantu.GenderStatus

Semantic core status for each Shona gender.

[Car26] §5.2: Shona has a binary [±human] split. Only classes 1/2 have the [human] core. Classes 7/8 serve as the non-human default — the core for "all and only non-humans." The [animal] association with 9/10 has bleached; the remaining six genders are purely formal (uninterpretable).

Equations

• Shona.Gender.genderA.status = Bantu.GenderStatus.interpretable Bantu.SemanticCore.human
• Shona.Gender.genderD.status = Bantu.GenderStatus.interpretable Bantu.SemanticCore.nonhuman
• x✝.status = Bantu.GenderStatus.uninterpretable

def Shona.Gender.toGender : Gender → _root_.Gender

Map Shona gender classes to the shared surface-level gender type. Gender A (cl1/cl2, human) → animate; all others → inanimate. Shona's binary [±human] split maps naturally to the animate/inanimate distinction.

Equations

• Shona.Gender.genderA.toGender = Gender.animate
• x✝.toGender = Gender.inanimate