def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.watashi : Typology.PronounEntry

私 watashi — 1sg neutral/polite.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.watashi = { form := "watashi", person := some UD.Person.first, number := some Number.sg, register := Features.Register.Level.formal, script := some "私" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.boku : Typology.PronounEntry

僕 boku — 1sg informal, masculine-associated via register (no inherent gender feature; cf. @cite{ochs-1992}).

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.boku = { form := "boku", person := some UD.Person.first, number := some Number.sg, script := some "僕" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.ore : Typology.PronounEntry

俺 ore — 1sg male very informal. Strongly indexes masculine identity through assertive/coarse interactional stance (@cite{ochs-1992}).

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.ore = { form := "ore", person := some UD.Person.first, number := some Number.sg, script := some "俺" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.watashitachi : Typology.PronounEntry

私たち watashitachi — 1pl.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.watashitachi = { form := "watashitachi", person := some UD.Person.first, number := some Number.pl, script := some "私たち" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kimi : Typology.PronounEntry

君 kimi — 2sg plain.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kimi = { form := "kimi", person := some UD.Person.second, number := some Number.sg, script := some "君" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.anata : Typology.PronounEntry

あなた anata — 2sg polite.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.anata = { form := "anata", person := some UD.Person.second, number := some Number.sg, register := Features.Register.Level.formal, script := some "あなた" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kare : Typology.PronounEntry

彼 kare — 3sg masculine.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kare = { form := "kare", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.sg, script := some "彼" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kanojo : Typology.PronounEntry

彼女 kanojo — 3sg feminine.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kanojo = { form := "kanojo", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.sg, script := some "彼女" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.karera : Typology.PronounEntry

彼ら karera — 3pl.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.karera = { form := "karera", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.pl, script := some "彼ら" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.otagai : Typology.PronounEntry

互い otagai — reciprocal pronoun 'each other, one another'. Formally distinct from the reflexive jibun (自分). This is an NP/argument reciprocal strategy (reciprocal pronoun), unlike languages that mark reciprocity on the verb.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.otagai = { form := "otagai", person := some UD.Person.third, number := some Number.pl, script := some "互い" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.secondPersonPronouns : List Typology.PronounEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.secondPersonPronouns = [Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.kimi, Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.anata]

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.allPronouns : List Typology.PronounEntry

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.desuMasu : Typology.AllocutiveEntry

-desu polite copula / -masu polite verbal.

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.desuMasu = { form := "-desu/-masu", register := Features.Register.Level.formal, gloss := "POL" }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.allAllocParticles : List Typology.AllocutiveEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.allAllocParticles = [Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.desuMasu]

structure Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.VerbForm : Type

A verb form showing speech-level inflection.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• register : Features.Register.Level

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instReprVerbForm.repr : VerbForm → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instReprVerbForm : Repr VerbForm

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instReprVerbForm = { reprPrec := Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instReprVerbForm.repr }

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instBEqVerbForm : BEq VerbForm

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instBEqVerbForm = { beq := Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instBEqVerbForm.beq }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instBEqVerbForm.beq : VerbForm → VerbForm → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instBEqVerbForm.beq { form := a, gloss := a_1, register := a_2 } { form := b, gloss := b_1, register := b_2 } = (a == b && (a_1 == b_1 && a_2 == b_2))
• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.instBEqVerbForm.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.iku : VerbForm

行く iku — "go" (plain).

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.iku = { form := "iku", gloss := "go.PLN", register := Features.Register.Level.informal }

def Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.ikimasu : VerbForm

行きます ikimasu — "go" (polite).

Equations

• Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.ikimasu = { form := "ikimasu", gloss := "go.POL", register := Features.Register.Level.formal }

theorem Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.has_all_persons : (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.first) = true ∧ (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.second) = true ∧ (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.third) = true

All three persons are attested.

theorem Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.has_both_numbers : (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.number == some Number.sg) = true ∧ (allPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.number == some Number.pl) = true

Both singular and plural are attested.

theorem Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.first_person_register : boku.register = Features.Register.Level.informal ∧ watashi.register = Features.Register.Level.formal

1st person has register-based distinction.

theorem Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.second_person_all_2p : (secondPersonPronouns.all fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.person == some UD.Person.second) = true

2nd person pronouns are all second person.

theorem Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.tv_distinction : (secondPersonPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.register == Features.Register.Level.informal) = true ∧ (secondPersonPronouns.any fun (x : Typology.PronounEntry) => x.register == Features.Register.Level.formal) = true

The T/V register distinction is present in 2nd person.

theorem Fragments.Japanese.Pronouns.verb_register_span : iku.register = Features.Register.Level.informal ∧ ikimasu.register = Features.Register.Level.formal

Verb forms span plain and polite levels.

def Fragments.Japanese.pronounProfile : Typology.PronounProfile

Japanese (Japonic) WALS pronoun typology profile. No incl/excl in pronouns; no person marking on verbs; gender in 3rd person only including non-singular (kare/kanojo); pronouns avoided for politeness; interrogative-based indefinites (dare-ka 'who-Q' = 'someone'); intensifier and reflexive identical (jibun); no person marking on adpositions.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Japanese.pronounShapeProfile : Typology.PronounShapeProfile

Japanese pronoun phonological shape (WALS Chs 136–137): no M-T pattern; no /m/ in 1SG (watashi/boku/ore); no N-M; /m/ present in 2SG (omae).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.