Japanese pronouns and the addressee-honorific marker

The personal pronouns of Japanese are the first-person forms watashi, boku and ore, which differ in register, the last two indexing the masculine stance Ochs describes, the second-person kimi and anata, and the third-person kare, kanojo and karera. With them are the reciprocal otagai, the reflexive jibun, and the addressee-honorific verbal marker -mas-, which Alok and Bhalla show to be sensitive to the complementizer when embedded. The indeterminate pronouns of Kratzer and Shimoyama, dare 'who', nani 'what', dono 'which', doko 'where', itsu 'when', naze 'why' and dō 'how', are the interrogatives, and the quantifiers and indefinite series of Fragments/Japanese/Determiners.lean and Fragments/Japanese/Indefinites.lean are built on them, as is nan- 'how many' before a classifier.

References

• [AB26]
• [Och92]
• [Sel87]
• [KS17]

inductive Japanese.Grade : Type

The honorific grades of Japanese pronouns and the addressee-honorific marker, lowest first.

• plain : Grade

  The plain grade, kimi.

• polite : Grade

  The polite grade, anata and -mas-.

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instDecidableEqGrade : DecidableEq Grade

Equations

• Japanese.instDecidableEqGrade x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instFintypeGrade : Fintype Grade

Equations

• Japanese.instFintypeGrade = { elems := { val := ↑Japanese.Grade.enumList, nodup := Japanese.Grade.enumList_nodup }, complete := Japanese.instFintypeGrade._proof_1 }

def Japanese.instReprGrade.repr : Grade → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• Japanese.instReprGrade.repr Japanese.Grade.plain prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Japanese.Grade.plain")).group prec✝
• Japanese.instReprGrade.repr Japanese.Grade.polite prec✝ = Repr.addAppParen (Std.Format.nest (if prec✝ ≥ 1024 then 1 else 2) (Std.Format.text "Japanese.Grade.polite")).group prec✝

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instReprGrade : Repr Grade

Equations

• Japanese.instReprGrade = { reprPrec := Japanese.instReprGrade.repr }

@[instance_reducible]

instance Japanese.instLinearOrderGrade : LinearOrder Grade

Equations

• Japanese.instLinearOrderGrade = LinearOrder.lift' Japanese.Grade.ctorIdx Japanese.instLinearOrderGrade._proof_1

def Japanese.Pronouns.watashi : PersonalPronoun

私 watashi — 1sg, neutral.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.watashi = { form := "watashi", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, script := some "私" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.boku : PersonalPronoun

僕 boku — 1sg informal, masculine-associated through register rather than a gender feature ([Och92]).

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.boku = { form := "boku", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, script := some "僕", register := SocialMeaning.Register.informal }

def Japanese.Pronouns.ore : PersonalPronoun

俺 ore — 1sg very informal; indexes masculinity through an assertive stance ([Och92]).

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.ore = { form := "ore", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.singular, script := some "俺", register := SocialMeaning.Register.informal }

def Japanese.Pronouns.watashitachi : PersonalPronoun

私たち watashitachi — 1pl.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.watashitachi = { form := "watashitachi", person := some Person.first, number := some Number.plural, script := some "私たち" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.kimi : PersonalPronoun

君 kimi — 2sg plain.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.kimi = { form := "kimi", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, script := some "君" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.anata : PersonalPronoun

あなた anata — 2sg polite.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.anata = { form := "anata", person := some Person.second, number := some Number.singular, script := some "あなた" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.kare : PersonalPronoun

彼 kare — 3sg masculine.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.kare = { form := "kare", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, gender := some Gender.masculine, script := some "彼" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.kanojo : PersonalPronoun

彼女 kanojo — 3sg feminine.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.kanojo = { form := "kanojo", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.singular, gender := some Gender.feminine, script := some "彼女" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.karera : PersonalPronoun

彼ら karera — 3pl.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.karera = { form := "karera", person := some Person.third, number := some Number.plural, script := some "彼ら" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.addressee : Grade → PersonalPronoun

The second person singular at each grade.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.addressee Japanese.Grade.plain = Japanese.Pronouns.kimi
• Japanese.Pronouns.addressee Japanese.Grade.polite = Japanese.Pronouns.anata

def Japanese.Pronouns.pronouns : Finset PersonalPronoun

The personal-pronoun inventory.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Japanese.Pronouns.otagai : ReciprocalPronoun

互い otagai — the reciprocal pronoun, distinct from the reflexive jibun.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.otagai = { form := "otagai", number := some Number.plural, script := some "互い" }

def Japanese.Pronouns.jibun : ReflexivePronoun

自分 jibun, romanized zibun in [Sel87], is the reflexive, which also takes an antecedent outside its clause.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.jibun = { form := "jibun", script := some "自分" }

Indeterminate pronouns

def Japanese.Pronouns.dare : InterrogativePronoun

誰 dare 'who'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.dare = { form := "dare", script := some "誰", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.person }

def Japanese.Pronouns.nani : InterrogativePronoun

何 nani 'what'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.nani = { form := "nani", script := some "何", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.thing }

def Japanese.Pronouns.dono : InterrogativePronoun

どの dono 'which', a determiner.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.dono = { form := "dono", script := some "どの", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.determiner }

def Japanese.Pronouns.doko : InterrogativePronoun

どこ doko 'where'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.doko = { form := "doko", script := some "どこ", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.place }

def Japanese.Pronouns.itsu : InterrogativePronoun

いつ itsu 'when'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.itsu = { form := "itsu", script := some "いつ", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.time }

def Japanese.Pronouns.naze : InterrogativePronoun

なぜ naze 'why'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.naze = { form := "naze", script := some "なぜ", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.reason }

def Japanese.Pronouns.doo : InterrogativePronoun

どう dō 'how'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.doo = { form := "dō", script := some "どう", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.manner }

def Japanese.Pronouns.nan : InterrogativePronoun

何 nan- 'how many', before a classifier.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.nan = { form := "nan", script := some "何", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.amount }

def Japanese.Pronouns.dore : InterrogativePronoun

dore 'which one', the determiner of Haspelmath's table.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.dore = { form := "dore", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.determiner }

def Japanese.Pronouns.ikura : InterrogativePronoun

ikura 'how much'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.ikura = { form := "ikura", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.amount }

def Japanese.Pronouns.ikutsu : InterrogativePronoun

ikutsu 'how many'.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.ikutsu = { form := "ikutsu", ontology := Pronoun.OntologicalCategory.amount }

def Japanese.Pronouns.mas : Morphology.Morph

The addressee-honorific suffix -mas- on the verb, of the polite grade.

Equations

• Japanese.Pronouns.mas = Morphology.Morph.suff "mas"