Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Hausa.TAM

Hausa tense, aspect and mood #

Hausa marks tense, aspect and mood not on the verb but on a preverbal person-aspect complex (PAC), which a clause requires whether or not its subject is expressed: Tàlātù zā tà dafà àbinci 'Talatu will cook food' against Tàlātù tanā̀ dafà àbinci 'Talatu is cooking food'. A PAC is a weak subject pronoun and a TAM marker, the marker following the pronoun except in the future and the allative, and in the completive the two are fused into a single heavy-syllable pronoun. The pronoun distinguishes nine cells: 1s, 2m, 2f, 3m, 3f, 1p, 2p, 3p, and the impersonal 4p, which patterns with the plurals. A TAM is the paradigm of its PACs.

[New00] classifies the TAMs by three rubrics. The general ones occur in ordinary affirmative clauses. The relative ones are those allowed or required in Rel environments, where the verb follows the relativizer dà, a question word, or any other focused element. The negative ones are not recorded here. The continuous is replaced in Rel environments by the Rel-continuous1 or the Rel-continuous2, which occur nowhere else; the completive does not occur there, and its Rel counterpart is the preterite, which occurs in both; the potential's Rel counterpart is the future; the rhetorical occurs only in Rel environments; and the subjunctive neither occurs in them nor has a counterpart there.

Main definitions #

Main results #

Implementation notes #

The forms are those of Newman's paradigm tables, in his orthography: an unmarked vowel is high, a grave accent marks low tone, a circumflex a falling tone on a long vowel, and a macron vowel length. Where he gives two Standard Hausa forms the first is recorded, the contracted zân and zâi of the future and the allative among them; dialect variants are left out. The neutral, the bare pronoun a clause takes when it repeats the TAM of the one before, is not recorded.

References #

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def Hausa.impersonal :
Agreement.Bundle

The impersonal 4p is plural with no person, and patterns with the plurals.

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    def Hausa.pacCells :
    List Agreement.Bundle

    The nine cells of a PAC paradigm in [New00]'s order: 1s, 2m, 2f, 3m, 3f, 1p, 2p, 3p and the impersonal 4p.

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      inductive Hausa.TAM :
      Type

      The affirmative TAMs of the PAC.

      • completive : TAM

        The completive, a portmanteau of pronoun and TAM: Mūsā yā tàfi Bicì 'Musa went, has gone to Bichi'.

      • preterite : TAM

        The preterite, or Rel-completive.

      • continuous : TAM
      • relContinuous1 : TAM

        The Rel-continuous1, the marker -kḕ.

      • relContinuous2 : TAM

        The Rel-continuous2, the short-vowel marker -kè.

      • future : TAM
      • allative : TAM

        The allative, imminent or future motion toward a place.

      • potential : TAM

        The potential, a future of lesser certainty.

      • rhetorical : TAM

        The rhetorical, the marker -kā̀.

      • habitual : TAM
      • subjunctive : TAM
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        @[instance_reducible]
        instance Hausa.instDecidableEqTAM :
        DecidableEq TAM
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        def Hausa.instReprTAM.repr :
        TAM → ℕ → Std.Format
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          @[instance_reducible]
          instance Hausa.instReprTAM :
          Repr TAM
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          @[instance_reducible]
          instance Hausa.instFintypeTAM :
          Fintype TAM
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          def Hausa.TAM.paradigm :
          TAM → Agreement.Paradigm String

          The PACs of a TAM, from [New00]'s paradigm tables.

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            def Hausa.TAM.form (t : TAM) (c : Agreement.Bundle) :
            Option String

            The PAC of a TAM in a subject cell.

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              def Hausa.TAM.general :
              Finset TAM

              The TAMs of general clauses are all but the rhetorical and the two Rel-continuous ones.

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                def Hausa.TAM.rel :
                Finset TAM

                The TAMs of Rel environments.

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                  def Hausa.TAM.relCounterparts :
                  TAM → Finset TAM

                  A Rel environment takes the TAM itself if it occurs there, the preterite for the completive, the Rel-continuous1 or Rel-continuous2 for the continuous, the future for the potential, and none for the subjunctive.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.form_isSome (t : TAM) (c : Agreement.Bundle) :
                    c ∈ pacCells → (t.form c).isSome = true

                    Every TAM has a PAC in every cell.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.relCounterparts_subset_rel (t : TAM) :
                    t.relCounterparts ⊆ rel

                    The Rel counterparts occur in Rel environments.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.mem_rel_iff (t : TAM) :
                    t ∈ rel ↔ t.relCounterparts = {t}

                    A TAM occurs in Rel environments exactly when it is its own Rel counterpart.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.general_union_rel :
                    general ∪ rel = Finset.univ

                    Every TAM occurs in general clauses or in Rel environments.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.relCounterparts_eq_empty_iff (t : TAM) :
                    t.relCounterparts = ∅ ↔ t = subjunctive

                    The subjunctive is the one TAM with no Rel counterpart.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.ne_iff_not_mem_rel (t t' : TAM) :
                    t' ∈ t.relCounterparts → (t' ≠ t ↔ t ∉ rel)

                    A Rel counterpart is another TAM exactly when the TAM does not occur in Rel environments.

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                    theorem Hausa.TAM.form_ne_of_mem_relCounterparts (t t' : TAM) :
                    t' ∈ t.relCounterparts → t' ≠ t → ∀ c ∈ pacCells, t'.form c ≠ t.form c

                    A Rel counterpart that is another TAM differs from it in every cell.