Hausa Gender Fragment

@cite{newman-2000} @cite{corbett-1991} @cite{kramer-2020}

Hausa (Chadic, Afroasiatic) has a two-gender system: masculine and feminine, with -ā as a frequent (but neither necessary nor sufficient) correlate of feminine gender.

Theory-neutral data layer

The Fragment commits to two empirical fields per entry:

• attestedGender : SurfaceGender — the agreement-trigger fact (which gender determiners, possessive linkers, TAM clitics, and pronouns realize when referring to this noun). Verified against @cite{newman-2000} Ch. 31 (pp. 201–215).
• isNaturalGender : Bool — whether the gender is semantically motivated by the referent's biological sex (or the lexicalized sex distinction in cases like kāzā 'hen' / zàkarā 'rooster'). Newman/Corbett/Kramer all agree on this empirical field.

These two fields suffice to project every entry's structural analysis under a Set-1 DM categorizer (see Phenomena/Gender/Studies/Kramer2020.lean for the projection); they also suffice for Newman-style and Corbett-style analyses that don't go through DM at all.

Empirical baseline (@cite{newman-2000} Ch. 31)

• p. 201: lexical-gender lists for each entry verified.
• p. 208 footnote [i]: mācè 'woman' is feminine but does NOT end in -ā — Newman's canonical exception, derived from mātā via a process that lost -ā.
• p. 209: 250+ ā-final masculines out of ~3000, partitioned into (a) Native (e.g. kadā 'crocodile', ùbā 'father', zàkarā 'rooster'), (b) Loanwords, (c) Erstwhile plurals (e.g. gidā 'house', karā 'cornstalk', ruwā 'water'). Both kadā and gidā in this Fragment are masculine but in distinct historical classes.
• p. 213: Newman's "overt characterization" theory — synchronically the {-ā} suffix is a morphological feminine marker (not a phonological rule); diachronically, feminine nouns acquired -ā via overt characterization (@cite{newman-1979a}).

Theoretical framings (deferred to Studies/)

@cite{corbett-1991} §3.2.2 (pp. 52–53): synchronic phonological assignment with exceptions. Diachronic origin in §4.5 (pp. 102–103).

@cite{kramer-2020} §3.3.1 (pp. 60–61): morphophonological realization of [+FEM] on n, NOT phonological assignment. Aligns with Newman's synchronic view.

The cross-framework theorems live in Phenomena/Gender/Studies/Kramer2020.lean. Spanish/Russian/German Fragment Gender files still bake in DM CatHead fields; Hausa is the pilot for theory-neutral Fragment-layer encoding.

structure Fragments.Hausa.Gender.Noun : Type

A Hausa noun: surface form, gloss, and two empirical gender fields. No commitment to any specific theoretical framework — the DM categorizer head, Corbett's controller-target classification, etc. are projections that live in Studies/.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• attestedGender : Features.SurfaceGender

  The agreement-trigger fact: what gender does this noun realize on agreeing elements (determiners, pronouns, TAM clitics)? Verified against @cite{newman-2000} Ch. 31.

• isNaturalGender : Bool

  True iff the gender is semantically motivated by the referent's biological sex (humans, sex-paired animals like kāzā/zàkarā). False for inanimates and unsexed animals.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instDecidableEqNoun : DecidableEq Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instDecidableEqNoun = Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instDecidableEqNoun.decEq

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instDecidableEqNoun.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Noun) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instReprNoun.repr : Noun → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instReprNoun : Repr Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instReprNoun = { reprPrec := Fragments.Hausa.Gender.instReprNoun.repr }

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev Fragments.Hausa.Gender.Noun.gender (n : Noun) : Features.SurfaceGender

The noun's surface gender — the agreement-trigger fact stored directly in the entry. Alias for attestedGender to make n.gender read naturally at consumer sites.

Equations

• n.gender = n.attestedGender

@[reducible, inline]

abbrev Fragments.Hausa.Gender.Noun.EndsInAa (n : Noun) : Prop

The -ā suffix diagnostic. Tone-tolerant: a trailing combining diacritic (e.g. low-tone grave on kadā̀) does not block the match, so the predicate captures the linguistic notion "ends in long -ā" rather than the orthographic notion "last codepoint is U+0101". We test membership in the last two characters of the surface form's toList; this admits an optional trailing combining mark without risking false positives for our entries (mācè, littāfī, yārō, mùtûm all correctly fail). We work on the character list rather than String.endsWith because the latter does not reduce in the kernel.

Equations

• n.EndsInAa = ('ā' ∈ List.take 2 n.form.toList.reverse)

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.yarinya : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.yarinya = { form := "yārinyā", gloss := "girl", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.feminine, isNaturalGender := true }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.mace : Noun

mācè 'woman' — feminine despite NOT ending in -ā. @cite{newman-2000} p. 208 footnote [i] explicitly flags mācè as the canonical exception: feminine but ends in -è. Newman: mācè is historically a derived form ('female') from mātā 'woman/wife' that lost -ā; only later became a common noun.

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.mace = { form := "mācè", gloss := "woman", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.feminine, isNaturalGender := true }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.kaza : Noun

kāzā 'hen' — natural feminine. @cite{newman-2000} p. 201 lists kāzā in the natural-gender feminine pair with zàkarā 'rooster'. Sex distinction is lexicalized (separate words for hen/rooster), so natural per Newman + per Kramer's "honoris causa" criterion (@cite{kramer-2020} p. 57).

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.kaza = { form := "kāzā", gloss := "hen", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.feminine, isNaturalGender := true }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.riga : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.riga = { form := "rīgā", gloss := "gown", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.feminine, isNaturalGender := false }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.yaro : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.yaro = { form := "yārō", gloss := "boy", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.masculine, isNaturalGender := true }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.mutum : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.mutum = { form := "mùtûm", gloss := "man", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.masculine, isNaturalGender := true }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.littafi : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.littafi = { form := "littāfī", gloss := "book", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.masculine, isNaturalGender := false }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.gida : Noun

gidā 'house' — masculine despite ending in -ā. @cite{newman-2000} p. 209 class (c) "Erstwhile plurals" (alongside karā 'cornstalk', ƙudā 'housefly', ruwā 'water'): historically plural forms now used as singulars. Distinct historical class from the native ā-final masculines (kadā, ubā, zàkarā).

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.gida = { form := "gidā", gloss := "house", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.masculine, isNaturalGender := false }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.kasaLand : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.kasaLand = { form := "ƙasā", gloss := "land", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.feminine, isNaturalGender := false }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.rana : Noun

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.rana = { form := "rānā", gloss := "sun/day", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.feminine, isNaturalGender := false }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.kada : Noun

kadā̀ 'crocodile' — masculine despite ending in -ā. @cite{newman-2000} p. 209 class (a) "Native" ā-final masculines. @cite{kramer-2020} ex. 22e (p. 55) cites this from Newman as the canonical counterexample to phonological assignment.

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.kada = { form := "kadā̀", gloss := "crocodile", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.masculine, isNaturalGender := false }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.uba : Noun

ùbā 'father' — natural masculine ending in -ā. @cite{newman-2000} p. 209 class (a) "Native" ā-final masculines. @cite{kramer-2015} Ch. 1 cites this as one of two introductory Hausa examples (alongside sāfīyā 'morning.f') from @cite{newman-2000} p. 201. Doubles as a natural-gender masculine AND a masculine -ā witness — refutes phonological assignment from a different angle than kadā̀ (which is non-natural): even semantically male-denoting nouns in Hausa can end in -ā.

Equations

• Fragments.Hausa.Gender.uba = { form := "ùbā", gloss := "father", attestedGender := Features.SurfaceGender.masculine, isNaturalGender := true }

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.allNouns : List Noun

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Hausa.Gender.genderTypology : Typology.Gender.GenderProfile

Hausa gender typology: 2-gender (Chadic, Afroasiatic), sex-based, semantic + formal. Agreement on attributive, personal pronoun, and verb (TAM clitics). The lexical inventory above (yārinyā, mācè, etc.) is the per-noun assignment evidence.

Equations

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