Logophoric Roles @cite{sells-1987}

@cite{sells-1987} identifies three logophoric roles that govern the licensing of logophoric pronouns and long-distance reflexives cross-linguistically:

• Pivot: the individual whose point of view the event is described from. The most general logophoric role. In matrix clauses, the speaker is the default pivot; in embedded clauses, the attitude holder whose perspective is adopted.
• Self: the individual whose mental state (thought, belief, knowledge) is reported. An attitude holder. The speaker is a self by definition.
• Source: the individual who makes the report — the "one who makes the report." The speaker is a source by definition; the addressee is a self (forms an attitude toward propositional content) but not a source.

These roles form an implicational hierarchy: source → self → pivot

That is, a source is necessarily a self and a pivot; a self is necessarily a pivot; but a pivot need not be a self or source.

Connection to Perspectival Phenomena

The same logophoric roles govern:

• Logophoric pronouns (Ewe yè): antecedent must be at least a self
• Long-distance reflexives (Japanese zibun): antecedent must be a pivot
• Point-of-view verbs (Japanese yar- vs kure-): lexically encode pivot
• The Clitic Logophoric Restriction (CLR): 3P IO clitic interpreted as point-of-view center blocks de se reading of accusative clitic

The bridge to Minimalist P-Prominence (@cite{pancheva-zubizarreta-2018}) is in PanchevaZubizarreta2018.

inductive Features.Logophoricity.LogophoricRole : Type

Logophoric roles from @cite{sells-1987}.

The roles capture different dimensions of perspectival centering: who is the narrator (source), who is thinking/believing (self), and whose viewpoint structures the description (pivot).

Ordered by entailment: pivot ≤ self ≤ source. Being a source entails being a self, which entails being a pivot.

• pivot : LogophoricRole

  The individual whose point of view the event is described from. Most general role. Bottom of the hierarchy.

• self : LogophoricRole

  The individual whose mental state is reported. An attitude holder. Entails pivot.

• source : LogophoricRole

  The individual who makes the report. Entails both self and pivot. Top of the hierarchy.

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Features.Logophoricity.instDecidableEqLogophoricRole : DecidableEq LogophoricRole

Equations

• Features.Logophoricity.instDecidableEqLogophoricRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Features.Logophoricity.instReprLogophoricRole : Repr LogophoricRole

Equations

• Features.Logophoricity.instReprLogophoricRole = { reprPrec := Features.Logophoricity.instReprLogophoricRole.repr }

def Features.Logophoricity.instReprLogophoricRole.repr : LogophoricRole → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Features.Logophoricity.LogophoricRole.toNat : LogophoricRole → ℕ

Numeric embedding into ℕ preserving the entailment order.

Equations

• Features.Logophoricity.LogophoricRole.pivot.toNat = 0
• Features.Logophoricity.LogophoricRole.self.toNat = 1
• Features.Logophoricity.LogophoricRole.source.toNat = 2

@[implicit_reducible]

instance Features.Logophoricity.instLinearOrderLogophoricRole : LinearOrder LogophoricRole

Equations

• Features.Logophoricity.instLinearOrderLogophoricRole = LinearOrder.lift' Features.Logophoricity.LogophoricRole.toNat Features.Logophoricity.instLinearOrderLogophoricRole._proof_1

theorem Features.Logophoricity.pivot_le_self : LogophoricRole.pivot ≤ LogophoricRole.self

A self entails a pivot.

theorem Features.Logophoricity.self_le_source : LogophoricRole.self ≤ LogophoricRole.source

A source entails a self.

theorem Features.Logophoricity.pivot_le_source : LogophoricRole.pivot ≤ LogophoricRole.source

A source entails a pivot (transitivity).

theorem Features.Logophoricity.hierarchy : LogophoricRole.pivot < LogophoricRole.self ∧ LogophoricRole.self < LogophoricRole.source

The full hierarchy as a conjunction.

theorem Features.Logophoricity.pivot_le (r : LogophoricRole) : LogophoricRole.pivot ≤ r

Pivot is the bottom of the hierarchy.

theorem Features.Logophoricity.le_source (r : LogophoricRole) : r ≤ LogophoricRole.source

Source is the top of the hierarchy.

def Features.Logophoricity.pointOfViewPrinciple (hasAttitudeHolder povIsAttitudeHolder : Bool) : Bool

The Point-of-View Principle (@cite{pancheva-zubizarreta-2018}, (48)):

Within a logophoric domain marking point of view, if there are attitude holders among the event participants, one of them has to be the point-of-view center.

This principle is a semantic requirement that individual grammars can enforce at different points in the derivation. For the PCC, the relevant domain is the ApplP. For the CLR, the domain is evaluated at the semantics.

Equations

• Features.Logophoricity.pointOfViewPrinciple hasAttitudeHolder povIsAttitudeHolder = (!hasAttitudeHolder || povIsAttitudeHolder)

theorem Features.Logophoricity.pov_trivial_no_attitude : pointOfViewPrinciple false false = true

If there is no attitude holder, the principle is trivially satisfied.

theorem Features.Logophoricity.pov_satisfied : pointOfViewPrinciple true true = true

If there is an attitude holder and the POV center IS the attitude holder, the principle is satisfied.

theorem Features.Logophoricity.pov_violated : pointOfViewPrinciple true false = false

If there is an attitude holder but the POV center is NOT the attitude holder, the principle is violated.